Summary Background NP is a biomarker that has been used in the diagnosis, management, and prognostication of a number of cardiovascular disorders in the pediatric population. The physiological role of this hormone is to allow the myocardium to adapt to stress or strain imposed by a volume and/or pressure load. Objective The aim of this study was to determine the utility of preoperative and postoperative NP to predict outcome in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery for structural congenital heart disease. Method We conducted a systematic review by searching three electronic databases using the search terms ‘paediatric’ or ‘pediatric’ and ‘B‐type natriuretic peptide’. Twenty peer‐reviewed papers were included in the study. Results Preoperative NP levels were associated with the severity of cardiac failure in several studies. Preoperative NPs also correlated with early postoperative outcome measures such as duration of cardiopulmonary bypass, duration of mechanical ventilation, presence of low cardiac output syndrome, length of stay in the intensive care unit and in one study, death. Early (within 24 h) postoperative NPs showed a stronger correlation than preoperative NPs to early postoperative adverse events. Conclusion NPs provide a simple, noninvasive and complementary tool to echocardiography that can be used to assist clinicians in the assessment and management of pediatric patients with congenital heart disease in the perioperative period.