We used (31)P and (13)C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to detect and analyze the major organic and inorganic components (collagen type I and bioapatite) in natural rabbit bone and beta-tricalcium phosphate implants loaded with osteogenically differentiated mesenchymal stem cells. High-resolution solid-state NMR spectra were obtained using the magic-angle spinning (MAS) technique. The (31)P NMR spectra of bone specimens showed a single line characteristic of bone calcium phosphate. (13)C cross-polarization (CP) MAS NMR spectra of bone exhibited the characteristic signatures of collagen type I with good resolution for all major amino acids in collagen. Quantitative measurements of (13)C-(1)H dipolar couplings indicated that the collagen segments are very rigid, undergoing only small amplitude fluctuations with correlation times in the nanosecond range. In contrast, directly polarized (13)C MAS NMR spectra of rabbit bone were dominated by signals of highly mobile triglycerides. These quantitative investigations of natural bone may provide the basis for a quality control of various osteoinductive bone substitutes. We studied the formation of extracellular bone matrix in artificial mesenchymal stem cell-loaded beta-tricalcium phosphate matrices that were implanted into the femoral condyle of rabbits. The NMR spectra of these bone grafts were acquired 3 months after implantation. In the (31)P NMR spectra, beta-tricalcium phosphate and bone calcium phosphate could be distinguished quantitatively, allowing recording of the formation of the natural bone matrix. Further, (13)C CPMAS allowed detection of collagen type I that had been produced in the implants. Comparison with the spectroscopic data from natural bone allowed assessment of the quality of the bone substitute material.