Group living occurs across the animal kingdom and can shape fundamental aspects of individual biology, including the microbes inhabiting the animal gut. The naked mole-rat, Heterocephalus glaber , exhibits extreme cooperative breeding (eusociality) and presents an ideal opportunity to study the effects of social structure on the mammalian gut microbiota. Within colonies reproduction is limited to few animals, while the remaining members are non-reproductive, form linear dominance hierarchies, and show evidence of task specialization with stable yet plastic behavioral phenotypes. Here, we sequenced the gut bacteria of naked mole-rats across 6 replicate captive colonies and longitudinally during a colony removal experiment. Colony had much larger effects than social phenotype or status on the diversity and composition of gut bacteria. Our longitudinal experiment revealed that over the course of 2 months, the gut bacteria of previously unfamiliar, newly paired animals did not become more similar. In comparison to mice housed in the same facility, the naked mole-rat gut microbiome exhibited substantial compositional differences including the near absence of Lactobacillaceae and the enrichment of Prevotellaceae. Our study provides new insight into the factors shaping gut bacterial communities in social animals and indicates a prominent role of social group membership but not social phenotype. Significance statement The social groups to which animals belong can be strong determinants of the composition of their associated gut microbial communities (i.e., gut microbiome). However, less is known about the link between social status within animal groups and the gut microbiome. We studied this relationship in the naked mole-rat, Heterocephalus glaber , which exhibits extreme cooperative breeding (eusociality). Animals within naked mole-rat colonies show clear social hierarchies and evidence of social phenotypes. Across replicate colonies, we found that colony but not social phenotype or status had large effects on the diversity and composition of gut bacteria. During a colony removal experiment, the gut bacteria of newly paired but previously unfamiliar animals did not become more similar over the course of 2 months. Our results show that when decoupled from differences in diet or exposure to microbes, within colony social roles and their accompanying unique physiology and social experience may have little effect on gut microbiota. In contrast, gut bacterial diversity and composition was strongly shaped by colony membership despite being exposed to identical environmental conditions.