This study is an examination of the relationship between phonological short-term memory, or simply phonological memory (PM), language learning aptitude, and second language (L2) proficiency in advanced adult L2 learners (French native speakers, N=40) with relatively homogeneous previous and current L2 experience. PM was measured by two different measures: a nonword repetition (NWR) task and a serial recognition (SR) task. Correlational analyses revealed that PM, as measured by each of the tasks, was significantly related to L2 proficiency. Aptitude (measured by the TALV, Test d'aptitude aux langues vivantes) also correlated significantly with L2 proficiency and with PM (NWR). The two PM tasks were significantly correlated. An exploratory factor analysis revealed three main factors: memory, L2 proficiency (reading and vocabulary) and aptitude (Spelling Clues and Words in Sentences). Overall, results reveal continuing links between phonological memory, aptitude, and L2 proficiency in advanced learners. •Phonological memory, measured by two distinct tasks, nonword repetition and serial recognition, predicts second language (L2) proficiency in advanced adult learners.•Language learning aptitude predicts L2 proficiency.•Results suggest phonological memory may be considered an aptitude component.