The paper presents an analysis of the rheological properties of a selected viscoelastic material, which is dedicated to the reduction of vibrations in structures subjected to dynamic loads. A four-parameter, fractional Zener model was used to describe the dynamic behavior of the tested material. The model parameters were identified on the basis of laboratory tests performed at different temperatures and for different vibration frequencies. After proving that the material is thermoreologically simple, the so-called master curves were created using a horizontal shift factor. The Williams–Landel–Ferry formula was applied to create graphs of the master curves, the constants of which were determined for the selected temperature. The resulting storage and loss module functions spanned several decades in the frequency domain. The parameters of the fractional Zener model were identified by fitting the entire range of the master curves with the gradientless method (i.e., Particle Swarm Optimization), consisting in searching for the best-fitted solution in a set of feasible solutions. The parametric analysis of the obtained solutions allowed for the formulation of conclusions regarding the effectiveness of the applied rheological model.