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  • Atık lastik ile bakırın ayr...
    AKMAN, Süleyman; ÇALIŞIR, Ferah

    İTÜ dergisi/c, (Fen bilimleri), 2009, Letnik: 7, Številka: 1
    Journal Article

    Bu çalışmada, atık lastik bakırın sulu çözeltilerden uzaklaştırılması için adsorban olarak seçilmiştir ve bakırın alevli atomik absorpsiyon spektrometresi (FAAS) ile tayini öncesi önzenginleştirilmesi/ ayrılması için kullanılmıştır. Öncelikle indüktif olarak eşleşmiş plazma emisyon spektrometresi (ICP-OES) kullanılarak çalkalama yöntemiyle atık lastiğin adsorpsiyon özellikleri araştırılmıştır. Analitlerin adsorpsiyonuna pH, çalkalama süresi ve örnek kütlesinin etkileri incelenmiştir. Analitler için kantitatif adsorpsiyon pH 6'da sürdürülmüştür. Bakırın maksimum adsorpsiyon kapasitesi 1.56 mg $g^{-1}$ dir. Adsorpsiyon izoterm denemeleri, Langmuir eşitliğinin izoterm verilerine Freundlich eşitliğinden daha iyi uyduğunu açığa çıkarmıştır. Adsorpsiyon özellikleri atık lastiğin analitlerin uzaklaştırılmasında kullanılabileceğini göstermiştir. Çalkalama tekniğinden elde edilen, hızlı kinetik, saf halde bulunabilirlik, kantitatif adsorpsiyon ve uygun kapasite avantajlarıyla atık lastiğin sulu çözeltilerden analitlerin uzaklaştırılması ve çok eser düzeydeki bakırın hatüstü akışa enjeksiyon alevli atomik absorpsiyon ile tayini öncesi ön-zenginleştirilmesi/ayrılması için de uygun olduğu bulunmuştur. Örnek pH'ı, eluent tipi, örnek ve eluent hacimleri, akış hızlarının geri kazanıma etkileri araştırılmıştır. pH 6'da hazırlanan örnek atık lastik ile doldurulmuş mini kolondan 60 rpm akış hızında geçirilmiş ve asetonda hazırlanmış 1 M $HNO_3$ ile 60 rpm akış hızında elue edilmiştir. Örnek ve eluent hacimleri sırasıyla 250 mL ve 0.5 mL olduğunda, 500 kat zenginleştirme elde edilmiştir. Geri kazanım kantitatiftir (>%95) ve belirleme değeri 0.9 μg $L^{-1}$ (3σ; N=8) dir. The presence of heavy metals such as cadmium(II), chromium(III), zinc(II), and copper(II), etc. in water and wastewater has been of great public concern. Heavy metals are frequently discharged into the environment from a number of industrial processes, including extractive metallurgy processes, electroplating, refining, leather tanning, metal finishing, printed circuit board manufacturing, and dyeing. Heavy metals are not biodegradable and tend to build up in living organisms, causing several diseases and disorder. It has been shown that copper deposited in human skin, liver, pancreas, brain, and myocardium may result in Wilson's disease. The maximum contaminant level goal under the Lead and Copper Rule, promulgated by the U.S. EPA in 1991 to limit the concentration of lead and copper in public drinking water at the consumer's tap, is 1.3 mg/L of copper. A wide range of methods have been used to remove heavy metals from aqueous solutions, such as electro- chemical precipitation, ultra-filtration, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, and sorption onto solid substrates such as activated carbon. Each of these methods has some significant drawbacks in practice. A major disadvantage of precipitation is the production of sludge. Ion exchange is considered a better alternative than precipitation. But, it is not economically feasible due to high operational cost. Adsorption using commercial activated carbon (CAC) can remove heavy metals from wastewater, such as Cd, Ni, Cr, Zn, and Cu. However, CAC is an expensive material for heavy metal removal. As a result, researchers have focused on finding low-cost adsorbents and investigated several absorbents such as bagasse sugar, starch xanthate, sawdust of pinus sylvestris, chitosan, bentonite, and discarded automobile tires. Discarded tires are an interesting and inexpensive medium for the sorption of toxic metals from aqueous solutions. In this study, crumb rubber was chosen for the removal of copper from aqueous solution and used for the pre-concentration/separation of copper prior to its determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). At first the adsorption properties of crumb rubber were investigated by batch technique using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The effects of pH, contact time and initial metal concentration on the removal of Cu(II) were studied. Experiments with solution pH as a variable were conducted to determine the optimum pH range for maximum Cu adsorption by crumb rubber at different initial Cu(II) ion concentrations. In all cases, it was found that the uptake increased as the initial pH increased from 1.5 to 6 and slightly changed at the pH value of 7. Therefore, the following experiments were performed in the solution pH of 6. The effect of contact time on the removal of copper by crumb rubber at different initial Cu(II) ion concentrations was studied. In all cases, the removal increases with time and attains equilibrium in 72 hr. The metal uptakes versus time curves are single, smooth and continuously leading to saturation, suggesting the possible monolayer coverage of metal ions on the surface of the adsorbent. The removal of Cu(II) by adsorption on crumb rubber has been shown to take place rapidly for all initial concentrations. With the increase in the initial concentration of Cu(II) from 1 to 50 mg $L^{-1}$, the amount adsorbed increased from 0.0951 mg $g^{-1}$ (99.8%) to 1.5152 mg $g^{-1}$ (33.0%). The maximum adsorption capacity for copper was 1.56 mg $g^{-1}$. At higher initial concentration the available sites of adsorption become fewer and hence the percentage adsorption depends on the initial concentration. Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were applied to describe the isotherms and isotherms constants. Equilibrium data agreed very well with the Langmuir model. Results showed that crumb rubber was a favorable adsorber. By taking the advantages of fast kinetics, availability in pure form, quantitative adsorption and suitable capacity obtained from batch technique, it was found suitable for the preconcentration/separation of ultra-trace copper prior to its determination by on-line Flow-Injection FAAS. The effects of sample pH, eluent type, sample and eluent volumes, flow rates on the recovery were investigated. The sample prepared at pH 6 was passed through the microcolumn at 60 rpm filled with crumb rubber and eluted with 1.0 M $HNO_3$ prepared in acetone at 60 rpm. When the sample and eluent volumes were 250 mL and 0.5 mL, respectively, 500 fold enrichment was maintained. The recovery was quantitative and limit of detection was 0.9 μg L-1(3σ; N=8).