Cluster thinning (CT) is a common practice to prevent overcropping in viticulture. CT affects vine balance between vegetative and productive growth and further modifies grape composition. This study investigated the effects of cluster thinning treatments applied at pea-size stage (CT-AF) and the onset of veraison (CT-V), respectively, on volatile compounds of Cabernet Sauvignon in two seasons (2013–2014). The experimental vineyard was located in the north-west of China with semi-arid and monsoon climate. CT exhibited limited effects on the evolutions of volatile compounds. CT-AF exhibited an inhibition on 6-methyl-5-heptene-2-one accumulation. There were no differences in terpene concentrations between CT-treated and control grapes regardless of CT time. Regarding C6/C9 compounds and their derivatives, CT-AF decreased nonanal concentration whilst CT-V increased (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol concentration. Additionally, there were increases in nonanal, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, (Z)-2-hexen-1-ol and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol concentrations in grapes with delayed CT. Among benzene derivatives, earlier CT resulted in lower phenol concentrations. Display omitted •Effects of cluster thinning (CT) on volatiles compounds in grapes were evaluated.•CT had limited effects on the evolution of volatile compounds.•CT applied at pea-size stage inhibited 6-methyl-5-heptene-2-one accumulation.•CT modified the concentrations of C6/C9 compounds and their derivatives.•Phenol was negatively responsive to CT applied at pea-size stage.