...for immunocompetent children and adults, the administration of booster dose(s) is not routinely given in Italy to sustain long-term immunity in the general population, while is recommended in immunocompromised patients when level of antibody falls below the protective threshold (10 mIU/ml) 3. ...due to the biological association between HBV and hepatitis delta virus (HDV, a defective hepatotropic RNA virus which requires the concomitant presence of HBV to replicate), an added benefit we have achieved is that, according to the SEIEVA data, the incidence of hepatitis delta has also declined significantly in Italy (from 3.89 per 1,000,000 in 1990 to zero per 1,000,000 in 2020) following the implementation of hepatitis B vaccination 9. ...vaccination has clearly proven to be very successful in Italy, resulting in remarkable progress towards the control and prevention of hepatitis B. Our findings compare well with data coming from previously highly endemic countries (e.g. Taiwan, the Gambia, and Alaska) where the impact of vaccination in term of reduction in incidence of the disease, in carrier rate, and in HBV-related mortality has been highly impressive.