•Compared behavioural and the volume of associated brain areas in male and female LER and WR rats.•LER and WR developed skilled reaching behaviour at different rates.•LER outperformed WR on tasks related to spatial and contextual learning.•Males excelled in spatial learning and females excelled in contextual learning in the LER strain.•Larger volume of associated brain areas did not always confer enhanced behaviour. Alterations in behaviour can arise through a number of factors, including strain and sex. Here, we explored strain and sex differences between Long–Evans (LER) and Wistar (WR) male and female rats that had been trained in a myriad of behavioural tasks. Tests included those assessing motor learning (skilled reaching task), spatial learning and memory (Morris water task), contextual learning (discriminative fear-conditioning to context) and anxiety behaviour (elevated plus maze). Following behavioural assessment, associated brain areas were examined for volumetric differences, including the hippocampus and its subregions, prefrontal cortex areas and the amygdala. LER and WR differed in their rates of performance in the skilled reaching task throughout the training period. Overall, LER outperformed WR in tasks related to contextual and spatial learning, although this was not accompanied by larger volumes of associated brain areas. Males outperformed females in spatial learning, and females outperformed males in the contextual fear-conditioning task and had an associated larger amygdalar volume, although these sexual dimorphisms were only observed within the LER strain. Overall, this study highlights differences between these two rat strains as well as highlights that larger volumetric estimates of brain areas do not always confer improved function of associated behaviours.