Abstract Objectives This study aimed to examine the association between a total genotype score (TGS) based on previously published genetic polymorphism candidates and differences in sprint/power performance. Design Case–control association study. Methods We analysed 21 polymorphisms, which have previously been associated with sprint/power performance and related phenotypes, in 211 Japanese sprint/power track and field athletes (77 regional, 72 national, and 62 international athletes) and 649 Japanese controls using the TaqMan SNP genotyping assay. We calculated the TGS (maximum value of 100 for the theoretically optimal polygenic score) for the 21 polymorphisms. Results All groups exhibited similar TGSs (control: 55.9 ± 7.2, regional: 55.1 ± 7.1, national: 56.1 ± 7.4, and international: 56.0 ± 7.8, p = 0.827 by one-way analysis of variance). Nine of the 21 polymorphisms had the same direction of effect (odds ratio >1.0) as in previous studies, while 12 had the opposite direction of effect (odds ratio <1.0). Three polymorphisms (rs699 in AGT , rs41274853 in CNTFR , and rs7832552 in TRHR ), which had the same direction of effect as in previous studies, were associated with international sprint/power athlete status ( p < 0.05). However, after multiple testing corrections, the statistical significance of these polymorphisms was not retained. Conclusions These results suggest that TGSs based on the 21 previously published sprint/power performance-associated polymorphisms did not influence the sprint/power athlete status of Japanese track and field athletes. However, our results maintain the possibility that three of these polymorphisms might be associated with sprint/power performance.