Mercury (Hg) speciation by thermo-desorption is considered an alternative to laborious sequential chemical procedures; hence its popularity has increased in the last years. In this work, steps were taken to improve the information obtained by Hg speciation through thermo-desorption, specifically to improve peak resolution and increase the number of species that can be identified. The thermo-desorption behavior of Hg bound to iron oxides was characterized, as well as a new Hg–humic acid synthetic standard material. In contrast to previous studies, the peak corresponding to the Hg fraction associated with humic acids was clearly separated from the mineral fraction, and identified in some natural samples. With increasing temperature, Hg species are released in the following order: HgCl2=Hg associated with Fe2O3<Hg associated with humic acids<HgS<HgO, with an overlap of HgCl2 and Hg associated with iron oxides. An evaluation of the effects of sample pre-treatment and storage on Hg speciation was also performed. It was found that sieving to <2mm improved the sample homogeneity. The importance of fast sample analysis was highlighted, given that after 10days of storage at room temperature, volatile Hg0 could no longer be identified in the sample. The suitability of thermo-desorption for mercury speciation in soils and sediments is discussed. Display omitted •Standards of Hg bound to humic matter and to iron oxides were characterized.•Improvements on a technique for Hg speciation within soils and sediments.•Thermo-desorption of Hg species, using direct mercury analyzer equipment.•Hg species are released in the order: HgCl2=Hg–Fe2O3<Hg–humic acids<HgS<HgO.•Influence of sample pretreatment and storage on mercury speciation was studied.