To cite this article: Zachariassen G, Faerk J, Esberg BH, Fenger‐Gron J, Mortensen S, Christesen HT, Halken S. Allergic diseases among very preterm infants according to nutrition after hospital discharge. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2011; 22: 515–520. To determine whether a cow’s milk‐based human milk fortifier (HMF) added to mother’s milk while breastfeeding or a cow’s milk‐based preterm formula compared to exclusively mother’s milk after hospital discharge, increases the incidence of developing allergic diseases among very preterm infants (VPI) during the first year of life. Of a cohort of 324 VPI (gestational age 24–32 wk), the exclusively breastfed VPI were shortly before discharge randomized to breastfeeding without fortification or supplementing with a fortifier. Those not breastfed were fed a preterm formula. The intervention period was from discharge until 4 months corrected age (CA). Follow‐up was performed at 4 and 12 months CA including specific IgE to a panel of allergens at 4 months CA. The incidence during and prevalence at 12 months CA of recurrent wheezing (RW) was 39.2% and 32.7%, while atopic dermatitis (AD) was 18.0% and 12.1%, respectively. Predisposition to allergic disease increased the risk of developing AD (p = 0.04) OR 2.6 (95% CI 1.0–6.4) and the risk of developing RW (p = 0.02) OR 2.7 (95% CI 1.2–6.3). Boys had an increased risk of developing RW (p = 0.003) OR 3.1 (95% CI 1.5–6.5). No difference was found between nutrition groups. None developed food allergy. Compared to exclusively breastfed, VPI supplemented with HMF or fed exclusively a preterm formula for 4 months did not have an increased risk of developing allergic diseases during the first year of life.