We report the discovery of COOL J1241+2219, a strongly lensed galaxy at redshift z = 5.043 0.002 with observed magnitude zAB = 20.47, lensed by a moderate-mass galaxy cluster at z = 1.001 0.001. COOL J1241+2219 is the brightest lensed galaxy currently known at optical and near-infrared wavelengths at z 5; it is ∼5 times brighter than the prior record-holder lensed galaxy, and several magnitudes brighter than the brightest unlensed galaxies known at these redshifts. It was discovered as part of COOL-LAMPS, a collaboration initiated to find strongly lensed systems in recent public optical imaging data. We characterize the lensed galaxy, as well as the central galaxy of the lensing cluster using ground-based grizJH imaging and optical spectroscopy. We report model-based magnitudes, and derive stellar masses, dust content, metallicity, and star-formation rates via stellar-population synthesis modeling. Our lens mass modeling, based on ground-based imaging, implies a median source magnification of ∼30, which puts the stellar mass and star-formation rate (in the youngest age bin, closest to the epoch of observation) at logM* = and SFR = M yr−1, respectively. We constrain a star-formation history for COOL J1241+2219 consistent with constant star formation across ∼1 Gyr of cosmic time, and that places this galaxy on the high-mass end of the star-forming main sequence. COOL J1241+2219 is two to four times more luminous than a galaxy with the characteristic UV luminosity at these redshifts. The UV continuum slope β = −2.2 0.2 places this galaxy on the blue side of the observed distribution of galaxies at z = 5, although the lack of Ly emission indicates dust sufficient to suppress this emission.