Studies of land reform in twentieth-century Mexico tend to project onto the past concepts that were created in the 1930s and 1940s, bestowing the early revolutionary agrarian reforms with meanings they did not have. This book is a study of the two main agrarian reform programs in revolutionary Mexico—the Zapatista and the Constitutionalist projects— as they were implemented in practice at the local level and then reconfigured in response to unanticipated inter-and intravillage conflicts.¹ What archival documents show is that neither of these agrarian projects intended to create what we now know as the twentieth-century ejido—that is, population