Vehicles with advanced active safety technology can decrease the significant traffic accidents that can lead to death. This active safety frontier falls under primary safety in the European New Car ...Assessment Program (Euro NCAP) 2025 Roadmap, which has become one of the overall safety rating initiatives toward safer vehicles. Some frontier active safety technologies will be assessed, including autonomous emergency steering (AES) and autonomous emergency braking (AEB). However, the New Car Assessment Program in Southeast Asian Countries (ASEAN NCAP) only focuses on AEB technologies. Hence, this work discusses the existing papers on AES assessment, AES demand, AES control, AES system with Artificial intelligence, and AES testing methodology. Three articles from the industry discussing the AES function in passenger automobiles were found as a result of an article search using the Google search platform. Other terminologies like emergency steering control and emergency steering assist are used instead of AES. However, the principle remains the same. The three categories have been recognized from all of the document results: road adhesion condition, driver condition identification, and rear-end collision. However, only the rear-end collision situations are further investigated in this work to recognize the currently available approach used by previous studies. According to the review findings, just a few AEB intervention systems are now accessible, while AES technology is still in its early phases. That might explain the lack of exact evaluations and effective remedies. As a result, this research aims to offer evidence supporting the proposed methodology for assessing and evaluating AES in the ASEAN NCAP rating scheme. Besides that, this study can also help industries such as automakers and automotive vendors leverage the guidelines to fit the AES in their future models.
Lithium-ion battery is the most preferable type for hybrid electric vehicle due to their superior performance. The battery performances and safety factors are influenced by its operating temperature, ...hence it needs to be controlled carefully. Battery has a good performance at high temperature but this put it at risks of thermal runaway and explosion. This study presents a simulation model to predict battery's thermal behaviours during discharging and charging through regenerative braking in a series hybrid electric vehicle under various driving cycles. In total, five driving cycles are covered namely New European Driving Cycle (NEDC), Artemis cycle, Japanese 10-15 Mode cycle, FTP-75 cycle and worldwide harmonised light vehicles test procedure cycle. Validation of the model is performed using experimental results for NEDC cycle. Important results presented in this study focus on the battery temperature under different driving cycles and the impacts by considering thermal generation during charging process. Even though the temperature increase is relatively small, but the contribution of heat generation during charging is significant especially in an aggressive driving cycle. These results are very important in providing better understanding on the battery thermal behaviours so that a more effective battery management system can be developed (199/200).
We investigate the dynamics of high energy dual regime unidirectional Erbium-doped fiber laser in ring cavity, which is passively Q-switched and mode-locked through the use of an environmentally ...friendly graphene filament-chitin film-based saturable absorber. The graphene-chitin passive saturable absorber allows the option for different operating regimes of the laser by simple adjustment of the input pump power, yielding, simultaneously, highly stable and high energy Q-switched pulses at 82.08 nJ and 1.08 ps mode-locked pulses. The finding can have applications in a multitude of fields due to its versatility and the regime of operation that is on demand.
Parameterisation in stochastic problems is a major issue in real applications. In addition, complexity of test structures (for example, those assembled through laser spot welds) is another challenge. ...The objective of this paper is two-fold: (1) stochastic uncertainty in two sets of different structures (i.e., simple flat plates, and more complicated formed structures) is investigated to observe how updating can be adequately performed using the perturbation method, and (2) stochastic uncertainty in a set of welded structures is studied by using two parameter weighting matrix approaches. Different combinations of parameters are explored in the first part; it is found that geometrical features alone cannot converge the predicted outputs to the measured counterparts, hence material properties must be included in the updating process. In the second part, statistical properties of experimental data are considered and updating parameters are treated as random variables. Two weighting approaches are compared; results from one of the approaches are in very good agreement with the experimental data and excellent correlation between the predicted and measured covariances of the outputs is achieved. It is concluded that proper selection of parameters in solving stochastic updating problems is crucial. Furthermore, appropriate weighting must be used in order to obtain excellent convergence between the predicted mean natural frequencies and their measured data.
► Parameter selection is studied for stochastic model updating. ► Different sets of structures and updating parameters are investigated. ► Stochastic model updating problem for laser welded structures are performed. ► Perturbation method using two approaches of parameters weighting matrices is employed. ► Parameter selection must be done based on parameters' uncertainty and sensitivity level.
Kenaf natural fibre has become the subject of interest for a wide range of engineering sectors due to its biodegradable and outstanding mechanical properties. In this study, the effect of loading ...rate on the indentation behaviour of fibre metal laminates (FMLs) based on kenaf/epoxy subjected to static indentation loading was investigated. The fibre metal laminates were made of chopped strand mat (CSM) kenaf fibre with epoxy resin composite and 0.6 mm thickness of 1100-O aluminium alloy sheet by using vacuum infusion process (VIP) and hydraulic pressing technique. The experiments were conducted by using a universal testing machine with loading rate of 1 mm/min, 10 mm/min and 100 mm/min. The results of indentation resistance, energy absorption and corresponding indentation failure mechanisms were compared and discussed in this study. For 2/1 FMLs, the maximum contact force increased when the loading rate increased. The loading rate did not affect the indentation failure mechanisms of the 2/1 FMLs. However, for 3/2 FMLs, delamination occurred when the specimens were indented with loading rate of 10 mm/min.
Pulley-based continuously variable transmission (CVT) with Metal Pushing V-belt (V-belt) is a type of automotive transmission that is widely applied currently by many car manufacturers worldwide. ...Unlike the conventional automotive transmissions, in a pulley-based CVT with V-belt, the transmission ratio (CVT ratio) is changed continuously without the use of discrete gears. Instead, the CVT ratio is varied through the simultaneous axial movement of the primary pulley and the secondary pulley. By axially moving both pulleys simultaneously, the radius of the V-belt on both pulleys will be changed accordingly, resulting in the change of the CVT ratio. The existing pulley-based CVTs in the market use electro-hydro-mechanical (EHM) actuation system to change and to maintain the desired CVT ratio through the hydraulic pressure. However, the application of EHM actuation system leads to some disadvantages, particularly in term of the high power consumption from the engine needed to maintain the desired CVT ratio. This reduces the efficiency of the powertrain system, which eventually increases the fuel consumption of the vehicles. In addition to that, the existing pulley-based CVTs also use single acting pulley mechanism to axially move the pulleys for changing the CVT ratio. Therefore, the issue of V-belt's misalignment, which shortens the lifespan of the V-belt, is inevitable here. In this paper, the pulleys' axial movement mechanism that uses electro-mechanical (EM) actuation system is proposed. Consequently, the working principle of the proposal is described and its potential benefits are discussed.
PDF
