The presence of N-heterocycles as an essential structural motif in a variety of biologically active substances has stimulated the development of new strategies and technologies for their synthesis. ...Among the various N-heterocyclic scaffolds, quinazolines and quinazolinones form a privileged class of compounds with their diverse spectrum of therapeutic potential. The easy generation of complex molecular diversity through broadly applicable, cost-effective, practical and sustainable synthetic methods in a straightforward fashion along with the importance of these motifs in medicinal chemistry, received significant attention from researchers engaged in drug design and heterocyclic methodology development. In this perspective, the current review article is an effort to recapitulate recent developments in the eco-friendly and green procedures for the construction of highly challenging and potentially bioactive quinazoline and quinazolinone compounds in order to help medicinal chemists in designing and synthesizing novel and potent compounds for the treatment of different disorders. The key mechanistic insights for the synthesis of these heterocycles along with potential applications and manipulations of the products have also been conferred. This article also aims to highlight the promising future directions for the easy access to these frameworks in addition to the identification of more potent and specific products for numerous biological targets.
The current review article summarizes the recent developments in synthetic methodologies for the construction of quinazoline and quinazolinone heterocycles. Mechanistic investigations, applications, product manipulations and biological potential have also been discussed. Display omitted
•Quinazolines and quinazolinones are promising bioactive scaffolds in medicinal chemistry.•Mild, efficient and environmentally benign procedures employed for synthesis are focused.•Proposed mechanistic investigations have also been concentrated.•Useful synthetic applications and product manipulations have been displayed.•A diverse spectrum of biological activities has been presented.
We study the formation of primordial black hole (PBH) dark matter and the generation of scalar induced secondary gravitational waves (SIGWs) in a non-supersymmetric model of hybrid inflation with ...chaotic (polynomial-like) potential, including one-loop radiative corrections. A radiatively corrected version of these models is entirely consistent with Planck's data. By adding non-canonical kinetic energy term in the lagrangian, the inflation experiences a period of ultra-slow-roll, and the amplitude of primordial power spectrum is enhanced to O(10−2). The enhanced power spectra of primordial curvature perturbations can have both sharp and broad peaks. A wide mass range of PBHs is realized in our model with the frequencies of scalar induced gravitational waves ranged from nHz to kHz. We present several benchmark points where the PBH mass generated during inflation is around (1−100)M⊙, (10−9−10−7)M⊙ and (10−16−10−11)M⊙. The PBHs can make up most of the dark matter with masses around (10−16−10−11)M⊙ and (1−100)M⊙, and their associated SIGWs can be probed by the upcoming ground and space-based gravitational wave (GW) observatories. The evidence of stochastic process recently reported by NANOGrav may be interpreted as SIGWs associated with the formation of PBHs. These SIGWs may also be tested by future interferometer-type GW observations of SKA, DECIGO, LISA, BBO, TaiJi, TianQin, CE and ET.
Abstract
Perinatal depression (PND) is a significant contributor to maternal morbidity globally. Recognized as a major cause of poor infant development, epidemiological and interventional research on ...it has increased over the last decade. Recently, studies have pointed out that PND is a heterogeneous condition, with variability in its phenotypes, rather than a homogenous latent entity and a concrete diagnosis, as previously conceptualized in psychometric literature and diagnostic systems. Therefore, it is pertinent that researchers recognize this to progress in elucidating its aetiology and developing efficacious interventions.
This systematic review is conducted in accordance with the Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology (MOOSE). It aims to provide an updated and comprehensive account of research on heterogeneity in phenotypes of PND and its implications in research, public health, and clinical practice. It provides a synthesis and quality assessment of studies reporting heterogeneity in PND using cutting-edge statistical techniques and machine learning algorithms. After reporting the phenotypes of PND, based on heterogeneous trajectories and symptom profiles, it also elucidates the risk factors associated with severe forms of PND, followed by robust evidence for adverse child outcomes. Furthermore, recommendations are made to improve public health and clinical practice in screening, diagnosis, and treatment of PND.
In today's global market, supply chain players have to cooperate mutually for extra benefits, long lasting paybacks, and to control carbon emission for a clean environment. This study develops the ...three-echelon sustainable supply chain model in the context of multi-level trade credit and single-setup-multiple-delivery policy for mutual coordination in financial support and reducing carbon emissions. These joint effects will benefit the firms for interim financing as well as minimize carbon emission for a clean environment. This model quantifies the effects of the environmental regulations and trade credit period under the single-setup-multiple-delivery policy. The supplier produces semi-finished items and transports it to the manufacturer, the manufacturer transform these semi-finished items into final products. These finished products finally transported to multi-retailer. The shipments are permitted to proceed from the particular lot during production instead after completing the entire lot This strategy save the environment by minimizing carbon emission. Additionally, a multi-level trade credit policy is considered in this model for short-term investment. An algebraic approach is used to derive a closed form optimal result for the designed model. This non-derivative method provides the effective solution algorithm. The main contribution of this study is to minimize the sustainable supply chain cost of the system by jointly considering the multi-level delay-in-payment, variable carbon emission cost, and variable transportation cost under the single-setup-multi-delivery policy. The study presents an optimal solution for the individual scenario and also derived a comparison between them with a numerical example. The findings directed that implementation of multi-level trade credit under single setup-multiple-delivery improves the economic and environmental performance of three-echelon supply chain. Sensitivity analysis of the developed study is also illustrated to prove the real practice.
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•Sustainability issues with multi-level trade credit and SSMD policy are considered.•Synchronize mechanism is used to set the cycle time for each stage.•Reduction in carbon emission cost by controlling the cycle time.•Joint effect improves the economic and environmental performance of supply chain.•Total cost is minimized by derivative-free method for effective solution algorithm.
Rare Genetic Disorders (RGDs) are defined as disorders that affect less than 1 in 2000 people, and collectively affect more than 300 million people worldwide ....
Internet and social media participation open doors to a plethora of positive opportunities for the general public. However, in addition to these positive aspects, digital technology also provides an ...effective medium for spreading hateful content in the form of cyberbullying, bigotry, hateful ideologies, and harassment of individuals and groups. This research aims to investigate the growing body of online hate research (OHR) by mapping general research indices, prevalent themes of research, research hotspots, and influential stakeholders such as organizations and contributing regions. For this, we use scientometric techniques and collect research papers from the Web of Science core database published through March 2019. We apply a predefined search strategy to retrieve peer-reviewed OHR and analyze the data using CiteSpace software by identifying influential papers, themes of research, and collaborating institutions. Our results show that higher-income countries contribute most to OHR, with Western countries accounting for most of the publications, funded by North American and European funding agencies. We also observed increased research activity post-2005, starting from more than 50 publications to more than 550 in 2018. This applies to a number of publications as well as citations. The hotbeds of OHR focus on cyberbullying, social media platforms, co-morbid mental disorders, and profiling of aggressors and victims. Moreover, we identified four main clusters of OHR: (1) Cyberbullying, (2) Sexual solicitation and intimate partner violence, (3) Deep learning and automation, and (4) Extremist and online hate groups, which highlight the cross-disciplinary and multifaceted nature of OHR as a field of research. The research has implications for researchers and policymakers engaged in OHR and its associated problems for individuals and society.
The Internet of Things (IoT) revitalizes the world with tremendous capabilities and potential to be utilized in vehicular networks. The Smart Transport Infrastructure (STI) era depends mainly on the ...IoT. Advanced machine learning (ML) techniques are being used to strengthen the STI smartness further. However, some decisions are very challenging due to the vast number of STI components and big data generated from STIs. Computation cost, communication overheads, and privacy issues are significant concerns for wide-scale ML adoption within STI. These issues can be addressed using Federated Learning (FL) and blockchain. FL can be used to address the issues of privacy preservation and handling big data generated in STI management and control. Blockchain is a distributed ledger that can store data while providing trust and integrity assurance. Blockchain can be a solution to data integrity and can add more security to the STI. This survey initially explores the vehicular network and STI in detail and sheds light on the blockchain and FL with real-world implementations. Then, FL and blockchain applications in the Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) environment from security and privacy perspectives are discussed in detail. In the end, the paper focuses on the current research challenges and future research directions related to integrating FL and blockchain for vehicular networks.
Synthesis and manufacturing of polymers and their composites have been a topic of interest recently in research and development owing to their wide margin of superiority over traditionally employed ...industrial materials. Polymer composites provide a higher strengths, easily customizable product properties, flexible manufacturing processes, high resistance to corrosion or erosion, and lower cost. In addition, the additive manufacturing (AM) techniques for polymer composites offer numerous benefits, including higher accuracy, lesser cost, and complexity of fabricated parts. The recent progress in AM processes has paved the way for even a broader range of design flexibilities and materials selection for several industrial sectors, including mechanical, biomedical, filtration, and electrical. However, some challenges remain in additive manufacturing for polymer composites. Vat photopolymerization (VP) processes is an AM technique that provides a benefit of relatively lower cost and higher resolutions; therefore, a comparative review of VP processes for polymers and polymer composites and their applications is presented in this study. This study aims to provide researchers with an updated understanding of the underlying challenges and opportunities. It will also help the reader to systematically reveal the research problems, gaps and future directions related to polymer composite materials and VP processes.
The research interest in sustainable and eco-friendly materials based on natural sources has increased dramatically due to their recyclability, biodegradability, compatibility, and nontoxic behavior. ...Nanocellulose contains chains of glucose residue and is an abundantly available green material. Recently, nanocellulose-based green composites are under extensive exploration and gained popularity among researchers owing to their lightweight, lost cost, low density, excellent mechanical and physical characteristics. These materials have also shown tremendous potential for applications in biomedical and numerous engineering fields. The mechanical properties of these materials play a vital role in effective utilization and their exploration for future applications. This review article comprehensively presents current developments, results, and findings in the arena of green and sustainable materials. Currently, the main problem is the large variability in their properties and qualities. Nanocellulose properties are influenced by various factors, including the fiber type, ecological conditions, manufacturing methods, and any alteration of the fiber surface. Finally, the review incorporates future challenges and opportunities in the field of nano cellulosic materials.
Postpartum depression and anxiety are highly prevalent worldwide. Fisher et al., estimated the prevalence of depression and anxiety at 15.6% during the antenatal and 19.8% during the postpartum ...period. Their impact on maternal and child health is well-recognized among the public health community, accounting for high societal costs. The public health impact of these conditions has highlighted the need to focus on the development and provision of effective prevention and treatment strategies.In recent decades, some advances have been made in the development of effective universal and targeted screening programmes for perinatal depression and anxiety disorders. Recent research has shown potential benefits of universal and targeted screening for perinatal depression, to identify and treat undiagnosed cases, and help thwart its deleterious consequences. Ethical implications, however, for these screening programmes, without the provision of treatment have often been emphasized.The present mixed-methods systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to collate evidence for screening programmes for perinatal depression and anxiety. It aims to answer the following questions, in a global context: For women in the perinatal period, do screening programmes for perinatal depression and anxiety compared with no screening improve maternal mental health and infant outcomes?A series of meta-analyses reveal a reduction in perinatal depression and anxiety among perinatal women undergoing screening programmes. For the outcome of depressive disorder, meta-analysis indicates a positive impact in favour of the intervention group (OR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.45 to 0.66, n = 9009), with moderate quality of evidence. A significant improvement (high quality) was also observed in symptoms of anxiety among perinatal women (SMD = - 0.18, 95% CI: - 0.25 to - 0.12, n = 3654).
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