This study aims to study the radiation shielding features of TeO
2
–WO
3
–RO systems (where RO =PbO and Bi
2
O
3
). The glasses were theoretically evaluated by using the simulation code Phy–X/PSD. ...Four TeO
2
–WO
3
–Bi
2
O
3
glasses and three TeO
2
–WO
3
–PbO glasses were tested in this study. The linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), effective atomic number (Z
eff
), half value layer (HVL), tenth value layer (TVL), and mean free path (MFP) of the glasses were calculated and analyzed. WTeBi3 and WTeBi4 have the greatest LAC and MAC values at all energies, while WTePb1 had the least LAC and MAC values. At 0.347 MeV, the MAC of the glasses is equal to 0.115 0.117, and 0.107 cm
2
/g for WTeBi3, WTeBi4, and WTePb1, respectively. The Z
eff
of the glasses decreased and increased based on the photon interaction phenomena present in low, medium, and high energy ranges. WTeBi2 has the greatest HVL, equal to 2.070 cm and 2.594 cm at 1.333 and 2.506 MeV, respectively, while WTeBi3 has the least, 1.943 cm and 2.532 cm for the same energies, respectively. The TVL values followed the order of WTePb1 < WTePb2 < WTeBi2 < WTePb3 < WTeBi1 < WTeBi3 < WTeBi4 at both the tested energies. The greatest MFPs were observed at the greatest selected energy, 2.506 MeV. The TeO
2
–WO
3
–Bi
2
O
3
glasses and TeO
2
–WO
3
–PbO glasses were compared against each other and with some other radiation glasses to determine the most effective attenuator.
The gamma radiation shielding ability for CaO-K2O-Na2O-P2O5 glasses were experimentally determined between 0.0595 and 1.41 MeV. The experimental MAC results were compared with theoretical results ...obtained from the XCOM software to test the accuracy of the experimental values. Additionally, the effect of increasing the P2O5 in the glass composition, or reducing the Na2O content, was evaluated at varying energies. For the fabricated glasses, the experimental data strongly agreed with the XCOM results. The effective atomic number (Zeff) of the fabricated glasses was also determined. The Zeff values start out at their maximum (12.41–12.55) at the lowest tested energy, 0.0595 MeV, and decrease to 10.69–10.80 at 0.245 MeV. As energy further increases, the Zeff values remain almost constant between 0.344 and 1.41 MeV. The mean free path (MFP) of the fabricated glasses is investigated and we found that the lowest MFP value occurs at the lowest tested energy, 0.0595 MeV, and lies within the range of 1.382–1.486 cm, while the greatest MFP can be found at the highest tested energy, 1.41 MeV, within the range of 8.121–8.656 cm. At all energies, the KCNP40 sample has the lowest MFP, while the KCNP60 sample has the greatest. The half value layer (HVL) for the KCNP-X glasses is determined. For all the selected energies, the HVL values follow the order of KCNP40 < KCNP45 < KCNP50 < KCNP55 < KCNP60. The HVL of the KCNP50 sample increased from 0.996 to 2.663, 3.392, 4.351, and 5.169 cm for energies of 0.0595, 0.245, 0.444, 0.779, and 1.11 MeV, respectively. The radiation protection efficiency (RPE) results reveal that decreasing the P2O5 content in the glasses improves the radiation shielding ability of the samples. Thus, the KCNP40 sample has the best potential for photon attenuation applications.
Materials with ferroelectric properties, low bandgap energies, high polarization, low loss, and thermal stability are essential for future solar-cell applications. Researchers have attempted to ...obtain such materials by using several approaches. In this vein, a novel approach is reported in this work using gamma ray irradiation. The effect of gamma radiation on the structural, optical, and ferroelectric characterizations of bismuth (Bi)-doped barium titanate (BaTiO3 (BT)), namely Ba0.95Bi0.05TiO3 ceramics (abbreviated as (Bi:BT)), was investigated. X-ray diffraction, structure refinement, and Raman study revealed the presence of a perovskite structure with a tetragonal phase in all investigated samples. Morphological study revealed a nonuniform grain size and some porosity. Gamma irradiation-induced combined effects were proved by a detailed analysis of bond lengths, bond angles, octahedral distortions, oxygen vacancies, and charge compensations. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) study gave direct evidence of oxygen vacancies in the irradiated samples. After gamma irradiation, UV–vis study indicated a decrease in the bandgap from 3.14 to 2.80 eV and a significant increase in visible light absorption. Cole–Cole plots confirm as an increase in gamma-ray dose results in higher levels of electron hopping. Study of the P–E hysteresis loop demonstrated that ferroelectric properties could be maintained after gamma irradiation, with a slight decrease in remnant polarization. The behaviour of the P–E was correlated with increasing gamma dose in the investigated ceramics, demonstrating a strong gamma dependence in the loops’ profile. We guess that the present approach may be a promising technique for enhancing the multifunctionality of electronic devices.
In this work, we examined novel polymer composites for use in radiation protection applications. These prepared polymers are non-toxic compared with lead and show potential to be used as protective ...gear in different medical applications where low-energy photons are utilized. We prepared silicon rubber (SR) with different concentrations of micro- and nano-sized MgO. We used a HPGe detector to measure radiation attenuation factors at different photon energies, ranging from 59.6 to 1333 keV. We reported the effect of particle size on the attenuation parameters and found that the linear attenuation factors for SR with nano-MgO were higher than for SR with micro-MgO. The mean free path (MFP) for pure SR and SR with micro- and nano-sized MgO were determined, and we found that silicon rubber with MgO (both micro- and nano-sized) has a lower MFP than pure SR. The linear attenuation coefficient results show the importance of using SR with high MgO content for low-energy radiation protection applications. Moreover, the half-value layer (HVL) results demonstrate that we need a certain thickness of SR with nano-MgO to effectively reduce the intensity of the low-energy photons.
The radiation shielding features of the ternary oxyfluoride tellurite glasses were studied by calculating different shielding factors. The effect of the TeO2, WO3, and ZnF2 on the tested glass ...system’s attenuating performance was predicted from the examination. The mass attenuation coefficient (µ/ρ) values for the oxyfluoride tellurite glasses depend highly on the concentration of WO3, as well as ZnF2. All the present ZnFWTe1-ZnFWTe5 samples have higher µ/ρ values than that of the pure TeO2 glass at all energies. For the samples with a fixed content of WO3, the replacement of TeO2 by ZnF2 increases the µ/ρ, while for the glasses with a fixed content of TeO2, the replacement of WO3 by ZnF2 results in a decline in the µ/ρ values. The results revealed that ZnFWTe4 has the lowest linear attenuation coefficient (µ) among the oxyfluoride tellurite glasses, whereby it has a slightly higher value than pure TeO2 glass. The maximum effective atomic number (Zeff) is found at 0.284 MeV and varied between 31.75 and 34.30 for the tested glasses; it equaled to 30.29 for the pure TeO2 glass. The half-value layer (HVL) of the glasses showed a gradual decline with increasing density. The pure TeO2 was revealed to have thicker HVL than the selected oxyfluoride tellurite glasses. A 1.901-cm thickness of the sample, ZnFWTe1, is required to decrease the intensity of a photon with an energy of 0.284 MeV to one-tenth of its original, whereas 1.936, 1.956, 2.212, and 2.079 cm are required for glasses ZnFWTe2, ZnFWTe3, ZnFWTe4, and ZnFWTe5, respectively.
The gamma-ray shielding features of Bi2O3-CaO-K2O-Na2O-P2O5 glass systems were experimentally reported. The mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) for the fabricated glasses was experimentally measured ...at seven energy values (between 0.0595 and 1.33 MeV). The compatibility between the practical and theoretical results shows the accuracy of the results obtained in the laboratory for determining the MAC of the prepared samples. The mass and linear attenuation coefficients (MACs) increase with the addition of Bi2O3 and A4 glass possesses the highest MAC and LAC. A downward trend in the linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) with increasing the energy from 0.0595 to 1.33 MeV is found. The highest LAC is found at 1.33 MeV (in the range of 0.092–0.143 cm−1). The effective atomic number (Zeff) follows the order B1 > A1 > A2 > A3 > A4. This order emphasizes that increasing the content of Bi2O3 has a positive effect on the photon shielding proficiencies owing to the higher density of Bi2O3 compared with Na2O. The half value layer (HVL) is also determined and the HVL for the tested glasses is computed between 0.106 and 0.958 cm at 0.0595 MeV. The glass with 10 mol% of Bi2O3 has lower HVL than the glasses with 0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5 mol% of Bi2O3. So, the A4 glass needs a smaller thickness than the other glasses to shield the same radiation. As a result of the reported shielding parameters, inserting B2O3 provides lower values of these three parameters, which in turn leads to the development of superior photons shields.
Abstract
A series of six samples were prepared based on the chemical composition of 65B
2
O
3
+ 20ZnO + (15-x)LiF + xSnO
2 (
where x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, and 1.25 mol%) to study the role of SnO
...2
on enhancing the optical and radiation attenuation capacity of the prepared glasses. The preparation of the glass series was performed using the melt quenching method at 1100 °C for 60 min. The density of the fabricated samples was measured using an MH-300A densimeter. The optical parameters of the fabricated glasses were calculated based on the spectrum recorded by a Cary 5000 UV–Vis–NIR double beam spectrophotometer in a wavelength range of 200 to 3000 nm. Furthermore, Monte Carlo simulation code and the XCOM online database were used to estimate the gamma-ray shielding capacity of the fabricated samples from 0.244 to 2.506 MeV. The results show enhanced gamma-ray shielding capacity due to the replacement of LiF by SnO
2
. The linear attenuation coefficient at 0.244 MeV was enhanced from 0.352 to 0.389 cm
−1
. The half-value thickness of the investigated glasses decreased from 1.967 to 1.784 cm when the increasing addition of SnO
2
from 0 to 1.25 mol%.
Abstract
We developed new composites for photons shielding applications. The composite were prepared with epoxy resin, red clay and bismuth oxide nanoparticles (Bi
2
O
3
NPs). In order to establish ...which ratio of red clay to Bi
2
O
3
NPs provides the best shielding capabilities, several different ratios of red clay to Bi
2
O
3
NPs were tested. The transmission factor (TF) was calculated for two different thicknesses of each sample. From the TF data, we found that epoxy resin materials have a high attenuation capacity at low energy. For ERB-10 sample (40%Epoxy + 50% Red clay + 10% Bi
2
O
3
NPs), the TF values are 52.3% and 14.3% for thicknesses of 0.5 and 1.5 cm (at 0.06 MeV). The composite which contains the maximum amount of Bi
2
O
3
nanoparticles (40%Epoxy + 50% Red clay + 10% Bi
2
O
3
NPs, coded as ERB-30) has lower TF than the other composites. The TF data demonstrated that ERB-30 is capable of producing more effective attenuation from gamma rays. We also determined the linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) for the prepared composites and we found that the LAC increases for a given energy in proportion to the Bi
2
O
3
NPs ratio. For the ERB-0 (free Bi
2
O
3
NPs), the LAC at 0.662 MeV is 0.143 cm
−1
, and it increases to 0.805 cm
−1
when 10% of Bi
2
O
3
NPs is added to the epoxy resin composite. The half value layer (HVL) results showed that the thickness necessary to shield that photons to its half intensity can be significantly lowered by increasing the weight fraction of the Bi
2
O
3
NPs in the epoxy resin composite from 0 to 30%. The HVL for ERB-20 and ERB-30 were compared with other materials such as (Epoxy as a matrix material and Al
2
O
3
, Fe
2
O
3
, MgO and ZrO
2
as filler oxides in the matrix at 0.662 MeV. The HVL values for ERB-20 and ERB-30 are 4.385 and 3.988 cm and this is lower than all the selected epoxy polymers.
The purpose of this research is to identify the radiation shielding capability of ceramics adding CuO, CdO, and Bi2O3 with diverse wt (%). The chemical compositions of the raw ceramics were ...documented through Energy Dispersive X-ray “EDX” techniques. For aesthetic appeal and solidification, CuO has been chosen to be added to ceramic. Moreover, in the interest of increasing the radiation shielding ability, the high atomic number and density of both CdO and Bi2O3 were suggested for the raw ceramics. To obtain the morphological features of the prepared ceramic samples, a Scanning Electron Microscope, or SEM, was utilized. To verify the experimental results, the MCA value obtained from the Phy-X software was compared to the experimental value collected from the HPGe detector. At energies 0.06 MeV, 0.662 MeV, 1.173 MeV, and 1.333 MeV the linear and mass attenuation coefficients of the prepared ceramics have been measured using a high purity germanium “HPGe” detector as well as three different point sources. Moreover, the relationship between ln(I) and the thickness of the ceramics has been presented here, and the comparison between the LAC of the prepared ceramics with other materials has also been displayed. Bentonite ceramic containing CuO (15 mol %)-CdO (15 mol %)-Bi2O3 (20 mol %) with density 3.6 showed the lowest HVL, MFP, and TVL at all studied energies, yet pure Bentonite ceramic containing only CuO (50 mol %), having density 3.4, presented the greatest values. Hence, it can be concluded that the addition of CdO and Bi2O3 enhances the radiation shielding ability.
In sight of promising catalytic activity of composite materials, present investigation was designed to prepare the composite of copper selenide nanoparticles and graphene oxide (CuSe/GO) by ...hydrothermal route. The properties of the prepared material was studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and UV–Visible techniques. The catalytic activity of CuSe/GO was monitored selecting methyl green (MG) dye as model and effect of irradiation time, catalyst dose, dye initial concentration and pH was studied on dye degradation. The CuSe showed promising photocatalytic activity (PCA) and up to 81% dye removal was realized at pH 5, 0.025 g catalyst dose (CuSe), 30 mg/L dye concentration within 45 min of irradiation, which was increased to 89% in case of CuSe/GO under similar conditions. The MG dye degradation followed Behnajady-Modirshahla-Ghanbery (BMG) kinetics model. Under the existing situation of water pollution, there is a need to improve and apply efficient materials for the treatment of dyes. The CuSe/GO have potential as a photocatayst and can be functional for the removal of dyes in the effluents.
Display omitted
•CuSe and their composite with graphene oxide (CuSe/GO) was prepared by hydrothermal route.•The XRD, FT-IR, SEM and UV–Visible techniques was employed for characterization.•Catalytic activity was evaluated for methyl green dye degradation under visible light irradiation.•Process variables were optimized and up to 81 and 89 (%) dye degradation was achieved.•CuSe and composite have potential for catalytic applications under visible light irradiation.
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