The effect of different foliar sprays numbers of cytokinins - (CK) and brassinosteroids - (BR) on the physiological, biochemical, and panicle parameters of rice plants subjected to combined heat ...stress (high day/night temperatures) were studied in three different experiments. The treatments established for the first (E1) and second (E2) experiments were the following: i) absolute control, ii) stress control, iii) heat stress + one foliar spray of CK, iv) heat stress + two foliar sprays of CK, v) heat stress + three foliar sprays of CK, vi) heat stress + one foliar spray of BR, vii) heat stress + two foliar sprays of BR, or viii) heat stress + three foliar sprays of BR. For the third experiment (E3), the treatments were the following: i) absolute control, ii) stress control, iii) heat stress + three foliar applications of CK, iv) heat stress + three foliar applications of BR. Rice-stressed plants and sprayed with three foliar sprays of CK or BR had a better stomatal conductance in E1 and E2 compared to their heat-stressed control. The relative tolerance index suggests that three CK or BR applications helped to mitigate the combined heat stress in both experiments. The foliar CK or BR applications at the flowering and grain-filling stages in rice-stressed plants increased Fv/Fm ratio and panicle characteristics (number of filled spikelets and the percentage of panicle blanking in E3). In conclusion, foliar applications of BR or CK can be considered an agronomic strategy to help improve the negative effect of combined heat stress conditions on the physiological behavior of rice plants during different phenological stages.
Rice yield has decreased due to climate variability and change in Colombia. Plant growth regulators have been used as a strategy to mitigate heat stress in different crops. Therefore, this study ...aimed to evaluate the effect of foliar applications of four growth regulators auxins (AUX), brassinosteroids (BR), cytokinins (CK), or gibberellins (GA) on physiological (stomatal conductance, total chlorophyll content, F
/F
ratio, plant canopy temperature, and relative water content) and biochemical (Malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline contents) variables in two commercial rice genotypes exposed to combined heat stress (high day and nighttime temperatures). Two separate experiments were carried out using plants of two rice genotypes, Fedearroz 67 ("F67") and Fedearroz 2000 ("F2000") for the first and second experiments, respectively. Both trials were analyzed together as a series of experiments. The established treatments were as follows: absolute control (AC) (rice plants grown under optimal temperatures (30/25°C day/nighttime temperatures), heat stress control (SC) rice plants only exposed to combined heat stress (40/30°C), and stressed rice plants and sprayed twice (5 days before and after heat stress) with a plant growth regulator (stress+AUX, stress+BR, stress+CK, or stress+GA). The results showed that foliar CK sprays enhanced the total chlorophyll content in both cultivars (3.25 and 3.65 mg g
fresh weight for "F67" and "F2000" rice plants, respectively) compared to SC plants (2.36 and 2.56 mg g
fresh weight for "F67," and "F2000" rice plants, respectively). Foliar CK application also improved stomatal conductance mainly in "F2000" rice plants compared to their heat stress control (499.25 vs.150.60 mmol m
s
). Foliar BR or CK sprays reduced plant canopy temperature between 2 and 3°C and MDA content in plants under heat stress. The relative tolerance index suggested that foliar CK (97.69%), and BR (60.73%) applications helped to mitigate combined heat stress mainly in "F2000" rice plants. In conclusion, foliar BR or CK applications can be considered an agronomic strategy to help to ameliorate the negative effect of combined heat stress conditions on the physiological behavior of rice plants.
RESUMEN: El presente artículo trata de lo transindividual, un concepto fundamental en la teoría de la individuación elaborada por Gilbert Simondon (1924-1989), y de su vinculación con ciertas ...proposiciones de Karl Marx que tratan del individuo y la sociedad. Entre ambos autores existe una relación directa, evidenciada en cada uno de los textos donde Simondon hace mención a Marx y al marxismo en general. Pero también existe una relación indirecta, para nada evidente, que surge menos de lo que Simondon dice acerca de Marx que de lo que ciertos pensadores contemporáneos dicen sobre uno y otro. Aquí intento dar cuenta de ambos tipos de relaciones. Asimismo, me propongo introducir y comentar algunos pasajes de Marx que compiten en radicalidad y audacia con los que escribiera Simondon un siglo más tarde, y en los cuales quiero apoyar mi hipótesis de lectura, a saber, que Marx es un pensador de lo transindividual avant la lettre.
Compared with other industries, construction has maintained one of the lowest growth rates in productivity and innovation over the last decades. Moreover, low compliance with schedule targets has ...remained a common issue throughout projects. Therefore, although methodologies developed have benefited productivity in design, construction and operation, meeting client and project objectives becomes challenging without properly integrating organization, information, systems and processes. This perspective introduces the Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) framework. First, this paper studies and reviews VDC since its creation at the Center for Integrated Facility Engineering (CIFE) of Stanford University in 2001. After that, a comprehensive bibliographical review of the VDC framework is presented and updated with examples of its application in construction projects, delving into its elements: Client Objectives, Project Objectives, Production Objectives, Controllable Factors, Integrated Concurrent Engineering (ICE), Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Project Production Management (PPM). Finally, the main benefits and project outcomes when applying the VDC framework are presented and discussed, followed by the conclusions and recommendations for future research.
La formación histórica de la frontera habitada por las comunidades aymaras de la región de Tarapacá en el norte Chile se ha configurado de territorialidades diversas culturalmente. Desde la ...colonización española y posteriormente por las nacientes repúblicas, las fronteras han marcado las dinámicas de la población. No obstante, sus habitantes mantienen prácticas basadas en una movilidad ancestral relacionada a otras divisiones espaciales históricas como parte de su territorialidad, aspecto protegido expresamente en el derecho actual. El objetivo de este trabajo es relacionar la configuración de la zona de frontera desde la cosmopraxis aymara, asumiendo esta realidad desde el concepto de territorialidad que regula las comunidades indígenas transfronterizas en la estructura jurídica internacional. Desde la genealogía como estrategia de análisis, complementada con la dogmática jurídica, se propone que el Estado actúa homogeneizando el espacio transfronterizo, lo que lo sitúa en una zona de incumplimientos jurídicos. Se contemplan casos desde inicios del siglo XXI a 2023.
Biofuels, especially ethanol, have gained immense popularity in the global energy sector, driven by a significant increase in demand. Ethanol production using agroindustrial residues reduces costs ...and can provide a destination for these residues that are generally wasted. In this context, the cashew apple emerges as an attractive and unconventional feedstock for bioethanol production. Although the technology to obtain ethanol from cashew apple juice is present in several studies, the key elements that determine its economic feasibility have never been defined. Then, this study aimed to present the first techno-economic assessment of ethanol production from cashew apple juice. Two industrial full-detailed scenarios were proposed based on the application of the obtained ethanol, where in scenario I, 2.1 × 10
6
liters of ethanol are produced for combustion purposes (94% w/w), while in scenario II, 2.8 × 10
6
liters of ethanol are produced for antiseptic purposes (70% w/w). The yields calculated in the proposed scenarios I and II were 66.5 L/ton and 88.9 L/ton, respectively, values comparable with those found in the literature using sugar cane and sweet sorghum as feedstocks. Then, the production of ethanol from cashew apple juice proved technically feasible. Economic sensibility analysis showed that both proposed scenarios are economically viable, as long as the cashew apple acquisition cost is at most 17.2 US$/ton for the scenario I and 28.1 US$/ton for scenario II. The raw material cost was the most crucial parameter to impact the economic analysis. In conclusion, the proposed biorefinery returned promising results, and it can consolidate a new raw material for ethanol production, provided that idle capacity is reduced and heat generation from cashew apple bagasse is optimized.
In this work, a rigorous mathematical model was developed, aiming to address a major flaw inherent in most fermentation models found in the literature, which is the inability to accurately account ...for mass transfer effects. This model was based on the hypothesis of the existence of a stagnant film involving the cell where the mass transfer rate of the substrate flowing from the medium to the cell surface is equal to the rate of substrate consumption by the cells. The model was used to explore the influence of stirring speed, substrate, and initial cell concentrations and temperature on ethanol production by the flocculant yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae CCA008, grown on cashew apple juice. Model parameters were estimated and validated against experimental data. The experimental data was divided into two sets: one for parameter optimization using non‐linear Marquardt least‐squares method; and the other to validate the final form of the model equations. Results have shown that the model herein proposed was capable of accurately describing the production of ethanol by S. cerevisiae flocculant yeast considering the influence of operational conditions, especially the effect of the stirring speed on the fermentation rate.
•CAB was used as support for immobilization of Candida tropicalis ATCC 750.•The performance of the biocatalyst was evaluated at different conditions.•Phenol degradation by C. tropicalis ATCC 750 was ...achieved by catechol-1,2-dioxygenase.•Encouraging results of phenol degradation (>90%) were obtained using CAB as support.•The obtained biocatalyst presented high operational (eight cycles) and storage (>30 days) stabilities.
Phenol biodegradation by cells of Candida tropicalis ATCC 750, both free and immobilized onto cashew apple bagasse, an alternative support widely acknowledged as cheap and abundant, was studied. Microscopy analyses revealed that the yeast was successfully immobilized by adsorption with an efficiency of 45.4%. The best conditions for phenol biotransformation were found to be at 30 °C, pH 6.0, 150 RPM and with 1100 mg L−1 of initial phenol concentration, for both free and immobilized cells. The adapted and immobilized strain was more resistant to higher phenol concentrations. The metabolic pathway of the phenol biotransformation was the ortho-cleavage of the aromatic ring by the enzyme 1,2-dioxygenase. The biocatalyst showed a high operational stability and the storage studies revealed that 85% of the immobilized cells-CAB remained effectively retained during storage at 4 °C up to 30 days. The results obtained confirm the applicability of cashew apple bagasse as a support matrix for the immobilization of C. tropicalis ATCC 750 and endorses the protocol proposed as a potential biotechnological process for phenolic degradation in industrial wastewater.
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