THE OGHUZ EPIC STORIES IN THE SELJUK ERA Anikeeva, Tatiana A.
History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus,
06/2019, Volume:
15, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
The article is devoted to several monuments of the Turkish folklore and literature the formation of which dates back to the time of Seljukids in Asia Minor: “The Book of Dede Korkut”, “The Story of ...Seyyid Battal” (“Battal-nameh”, or “Seyyid Battal gazavatnamesi”) and “The Tale of Melik Danishmend” (“Danishmend-nameh”).“Kitab-i dedem Korkut”, The Book of Dede Korkut”…is the only medieval epic of the Turkic peoples which has remained in written form until today. “The Book of “The Book of Dede Korkut” according to the Dresden manuscript consists of twelve songs-legends (and according to the Vatican manuscript – of six tales which have been called oguznameh), which tell of the Oghuz heroes’ deeds. The main plot which core is framed by these stories, is the struggle of the Oghuz tribes against the infidels, non-Muslims in the lands of Asia Minor and Transcaucasia, as well as strife among the Oghuz themselves. This text reflects both the events of early Turkic semi-legendary history (not only historical facts, but also a set of mythological beliefs) and later events connected with the spread of their power in Asia Minor and with their contacts with Byzantium. The stories that comprise ““The Book of Dede Korkut” display a clear connection with both the common Turkic literary and folk tradition and more recent strata.Battal-nаmeh and Danishmend-nameh both are monuments of a written epos within the boundaries of oral recently some legends related to the Oghuz epic (both “The story of Battal” and some tales from “The Book of Dede Korkut”) have continued to exist in oral and literal form on the territories of modern Turkey and Transcaucasia.
Porous carbon–carbon composite materials (PCCCM) were synthesized by the alkaline dehydrochlorination of polyvinyl chloride solutions in dimethyl sulfoxide containing the modifying additives of a ...nanostructured component (NC): graphite oxide (GO), reduced graphite oxide (RGO) or nanoglobular carbon (NGC), with subsequent two-step thermal treatment of the obtained polyvinylene–NC composites (carbonization at 400 °C and carbon dioxide activation at 900 °C). The focus of the study was on the analysis and digital processing of transmission electron microscopy images to study local areas of carbon composite materials, as well as to determine the distances between graphene layers. TEM and low-temperature nitrogen adsorption studies revealed that the structure of the synthesized PCCCM can be considered as a porous carbon matrix in which either carbon nanoglobules (in the case of NGC) or carbon particles with the “crumpled sheet” morphology (in the case of GO or RGO used as the modifying additives) are distributed. Depending on the features of the introduced 5–7 wt.% nanostructured component, the fraction of mesopores was shown to vary from 11% to 46%, and SBET—from 791 to 1115 m2 g−1. The synthesis of PCCNC using graphite oxide and reduced graphite oxide as the modifying additives can be considered as a method for synthesizing a porous carbon material with the hierarchical structure containing both the micro- and meso/macropores. Such materials are widely applied and can serve as adsorbents, catalyst supports, elements of power storage systems, etc.
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) can respond to a few viral peptideMHC-I (pMHC-I) complexes among a myriad of virus-unrelated endogenous self pMHC-I complexes displayed on virus-infected cells. To ...elucidate the molecular recognition events on live CTL, we have utilized a self-assembled biosensor composed of semiconductor nanocrystals, quantum dots, carrying a controlled number of virus-derived (cognate) and other (noncognate) pMHC-I complexes and examined their recognition by antigen-specific T cell receptor (TCR) on anti-virus CD8⁺ T cells. The unique architecture of nanoscale quantum dot/pMHC-I conjugates revealed that unexpectedly strong multivalent CD8-MHC-I interactions underlie the cooperative contribution of noncognate pMHC-I to the recognition of cognate pMHC-I by TCR to augment T cell responses. The cooperative, CD8-dependent spread of signal from a few productively engaged TCR to many other TCR can explain the remarkable ability of CTL to respond to virus-infected cells that present few cognate pMHC-I complexes.
At present, IT have become an indispensable condition for the quality of education, but they are rarely applied in education of senior citizens and their range is quite narrow. An exception is the ...methods of teaching computer literacy to older adults, which is much narrower than IT in education. Meanwhile, they are no less essential both for adaptation of the elderly to the contemporary conditions of life and for the young generations. The authors prove that application of these technologies can change the quality of life for older adults and enables them to extend their professional activity, to broaden their scope of communication, and to raise their level of social adaptation to the environment and daily life. It has been found during the research conducted that the use of IT in education of senior citizens has some essential features and requires special conditions of application. In the research, questionnaire survey and testing, in-depth interview, expert survey, and participant observation methods were used that allowed studying the senior citizens’ demands for educational services, computer literacy improvement, as well as barriers and risks in their getting the education, conditions for enhancing its efficiency. During the research, disadvantages in development of IT and software products targeted for education of the aged have been found. The results obtained allow contributing to the development of concepts of thriving old age, active longevity, and higher social and professional engagement of older adults. They are of great importance both for the very senior citizens and for education providers, as well as for developers of educational software products needed by older adults and their teachers.
PDF
