The present paper aims to offer a new understanding of the so-called “Zoroastrian Illuminative philosophers in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries,” namely the Āẕar Kaivān school. In the ...twentieth century, this school was understood to be a Zoroastrian phenomenon originating from Āẕar Kaivān (1533–1618), who is believed to have been born at Estakhr (Iran) and later to have immigrated to Patna (India). One way to sketch their texts is to notice their contents as the Zoroastrian Illuminative school, as H. Corbin did. But it may be more likely that the first principle for this school is a matter of ancient Persian culture, especially the Āsmānī language. Until recently, we knew little for certain about the origin of this Āsmānī vocabulary, except the inference that it might be the product of Āẕar Kaivān himself. But Sadeghi (2020) shows that the earliest mention of what would become the Āsmānī vocabulary can be confirmed in the Persian dictionary Farhang-e Mo’aiyid al-Fożalāʾ, compiled in India in 1519. The origin of the essential points of the Āẕar Kaivān school is not Āẕar Kaivān himself, but there were probably some pioneers in the Delhi Sultanate in India before him. Adding to this, a closer look at their writings shows that this school is not a monolith, but a complex of various preceding elements. The Illuminative Philosophy is just one of them. As such, it becomes possible to arrive at the conclusion that the Āẕar Kaivān school is not Āẕar Kaivān’s school. He simply put together the various elements that preceded him.
This article provides an overview of the design methodology used to develop a conceptual set of reactivity control mechanism of a micro reactor based on the U-Battery. The U-Battery is based on ...remote deployment and therefore it is favourable to provide a long fuel lifecycle. This is achieved by implementing a high fissile loading content, which proves challenging when considering reactivity control methods. This article follows the design methodology used to overcome these issues, with an emphasis on a new concept of a moveable moderator which utilises the size of the U-Battery as a small reduction in moderation provides a significant reduction in reactivity. The latest work on this project sees the moveable moderator investigated during a depressurised loss of forced coolant accident, where a reduction of moderator volume increases the maximum fuel temperature experienced. The overall conclusion is that the maximum fuel temperature is not significantly increased (4 K) due to the central reflector region relatively lower volumetric heat capacity compared to that of whole core. However, a small temperature increase is observed immediately after the transient due to the central reflector removal because it reaches energy equilibrium with the fuel region faster.
Background
We introduce a novel operative technique to dissect lymph nodes adjacent to the recurrent laryngeal nerve, referred to as the “native tissue preservation” technique. Using this technique, ...there was no damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve, which is maintained in its anatomical position.
Methods
From September 2016 to December 2018, minimally invasive esophagectomy was performed in the left lateral decubitus position in 87 patients with esophageal cancer. The native tissue preservation technique for lymphadenectomy around the recurrent laryngeal nerve was used, and all patients were evaluated for recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis.
Results
Minimally invasive esophagectomy was completed in all patients without conversion to thoracotomy. Although an extended lymphadenectomy was performed in all patients, there were no grade II or higher complications (Clavien–Dindo classification) and no incidence of recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis.
Conclusion
The native tissue preservation technique may reduce the incidence of recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis after minimally invasive esophagectomy with radical lymph node dissection.
Background
In preparation for the upcoming consensus meeting in Tokyo in 2021, this systematic review aimed to analyze the current available evidence regarding surgical anatomy of the liver, focusing ...on useful landmarks, strategies and technical tools to perform precise anatomic liver resection (ALR).
Methods
A systematic review was conducted on MEDLINE/PubMed for English articles and on Ichushi database for Japanese articles until September 2020. The quality assessment of the articles was performed in accordance with the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN).
Results
A total of 3169 manuscripts were obtained, 1993 in English and 1176 in Japanese literature. Subsequently, 63 English and 20 Japanese articles were selected and reviewed. The quality assessment of comparative series and case series was revealed to be usually low; only six articles were qualified as high quality. Forty‐two articles focused on analyzing intersegmental/sectional planes and their relationship with specific hepatic landmark veins. In 12 articles, the authors aimed to investigate liver surface anatomic structures, while 36 articles aimed to study technological tools and contrast agents for surgical segmentation during ALR. Although Couinaud's classification has remained the cornerstone in daily diagnostic/surgical practices, it does not always portray the realistic liver segmentation and there has been no standardization on which a single strategy should be followed to perform precise ALR.
Conclusions
A global consensus should be pursued in order to establish clear guidelines and proper recommendations to perform ALR in the era of minimally invasive surgery.
Highlight
In preparation for the Expert Consensus Meeting: PAM‐HBP Surgery Project held in February 2021, Wakabayashi and colleagues conducted this systematic review with the aim to analyze the current available evidence regarding surgical anatomy of the liver, focusing on useful landmarks, strategies and technical tools to perform precise anatomic liver resection.
Data centers (DCs) are becoming increasingly important in recent years, and highly efficient and reliable operation and management of DCs is now required. The generated heat density of the rack and ...information and communication technology (ICT) equipment is predicted to get higher in the future, so it is crucial to maintain the appropriate temperature environment in the server room where high heat is generated in order to ensure continuous service. It is especially important to predict changes of rack intake temperature in the server room when the computer room air conditioner (CRAC) is shut down, which can cause a rapid rise in temperature. However, it is quite difficult to predict the rack temperature accurately, which in turn makes it difficult to determine the impact on service in advance. In this research, we propose a model that predicts the rack intake temperature after the CRAC is shut down. Specifically, we use machine learning to construct a gradient boosting decision tree model with data from the CRAC, ICT equipment, and rack intake temperature. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method has a very high prediction accuracy: the coefficient of determination was 0.90 and the root mean square error (RMSE) was 0.54. Our model makes it possible to evaluate the impact on service and determine if action to maintain the temperature environment is required. We also clarify the effect of explanatory variables and training data of the machine learning on the model accuracy.
In this study, we developed new bending modules and pneumatic self-excited valves. In a previous study, we developed a planar flexible-deformation mobile robot that combines multiple bending modules. ...The robot moves by a traveling wave, which is periodically generated by pressurizing air to the bending modules. Further, it can move in every direction by simultaneously combining the two directional traveling waves. However, problems such as air leakage from the bending module that constitutes the moving object and the influence of the moving operation owing to the tubes comprising the flow path were identified. To address these problems, new bending modules have been developed. To address air leak issues, we verified the materials used in the bending modules and developed an injection mechanism. To reduce the number of externally connected tubes, we developed new bending modules that could include multiple internal flow paths. In addition, because the mobile robot moves owing to the generation of traveling waves, it is a low-grade operation. However, this requires multiple solenoid valves and electronic circuits. This is useful if traveling waves can be generated by simply supplying air using a pneumatic self-excited valve. In this study, we developed bending modules with multiple internal channels and a pneumatic self-excited valve that utilizes the snap buckling of leaf springs used in the mobile robot.
Purpose
Laparoscopic liver resection is increasingly used to treat patients with hepatic tumor. However, during laparoscopic resection, information obtained by palpation using laparoscopic forceps or ...from intraoperative ultrasonography is extremely limited, which may pose a risk for positive surgical margins. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility and clinical application of near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging to guide laparoscopic liver resection of a liver tumor and secure the surgical margins.
Methods
A preliminary study in 25 patients was conducted. NIR imaging was used intraoperatively during laparoscopic liver resection. The liver tumors were preoperatively labeled by intravenously injecting the patients with indocyanine green dye (0.5 mg/kg), an NIR fluorescence agent. During the surgical procedure, the PINPOINT Endoscopic Fluorescence Imaging System was used to assess the surgical margin by using real-time endoscopic high-definition visible and NIR fluorescence imaging.
Results
All tumors were identified and resected laparoscopically by using the PINPOINT system, and all resections successfully secured the surgical margin. The pathological findings of all tumors indicated negative margins, defined as R0.
Conclusions
This technique showed the potential to improve the intraoperative identification and demarcation of tumors. Its use could potentially reduce the number of positive resection margins.
Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are rare neoplasms that occur in various organs and present with diverse clinical manifestations. Pathological classification is important in the diagnosis of NENs. ...Treatment strategies must be selected according to the status of differentiation and malignancy by accurately determining whether the neoplasm is functioning or nonfunctioning, degree of disease progression, and presence of metastasis. The newly revised Clinical Practice Guidelines for Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms (GEP-NENs) comprises 5 chapters—diagnosis, pathology, surgical treatment, medical and multidisciplinary treatment, and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1)/von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) disease—and includes 51 clinical questions and 19 columns. These guidelines aim to provide direction and practical clinical content for the management of GEP-NEN preferentially based on clinically useful reports. These revised guidelines also refer to the new concept of “neuroendocrine tumor” (NET) grade 3, which is based on the 2017 and 2019 WHO criteria; this includes health insurance coverage of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy for NEN, everolimus for lung and gastrointestinal NET, and lanreotide for GEP-NET. The guidelines also newly refer to the diagnosis, treatment, and surveillance of NEN associated with VHL disease and MEN1. The accuracy of these guidelines has been improved by examining and adopting new evidence obtained after the first edition was published.
As data centers have become increasingly important in recent years their operational management must attain higher efficiency and reliability. Moreover, the power consumption of a data center is ...extremely large, and it is anticipated that it will continue to increase, so energy saving has become an urgent issue concerning data centers. In the meantime, the environment of the server rooms in data centers has become complicated owing to the introduction of virtualization technology, the installation of high-heat density information and communication technology (ICT) equipment and racks, and the diversification of cooling methods. It is very difficult to manage a server room in the case of such a complicated environment. When energy-saving measures are implemented in a server room with such a complicated environment, it is important to evaluate “temperature risks” in advance and calculate the energy-saving effect after the measures are taken. Under those circumstances, in this study, two prediction models are proposed: a model that predicts the rack intake temperature (so that the temperature risk can be evaluated in support of energy-saving measures implemented in the server room) and a model that evaluates the energy-saving effect (in relation to a baseline). Specifically, the models were constructed by using machine learning. The first constructed model evaluates the temperature risk in a verification room in advance, and it was confirmed that the model can evaluate the risk beforehand with high accuracy. The second constructed model—“baseline model” hereafter—supports energy-saving measures, and it was confirmed that the model can calculate the baseline (energy consumption) with high accuracy as well. Moreover, the effect of proposal process of energy-saving measures in the verification room was verified by using the two proposed models. In particular, the effectiveness of the model for evaluating temperature risk in advance and that of a technology for visualizing the energy-saving effect were confirmed.
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