In the last two decades transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in HIV positive men who have sex with men (MSM) has been reported globally. Chemsex and specific sexual practices have been identified ...as risk factors. Our study aimed to identify risk factors for HCV transmission in MSM living with HIV attending in Mexico. We conducted a case-control study from April to December 2019 at the Hospital de Infectología "La Raza" National Medical Center, in Mexico City. A case was defined as an HIV-infected MSM with positive HCV-antibody test. For each case, 3 controls were included, defined as HIV infected MSM with negative HCV-antibody test. A self-questionnaire covering sexual practices and other risk factors for HCV transmission was applied. Bivariate analysis was performed to obtain odds ratio (OR) using Chi-square test. Independent risk factors were identified in a subsequent analysis performing a logistic regression model. A total of 324 patients participated in the study, 81 cases and 243 controls. Median age was 30.5 years (IQR: 18-52) and 28.8 years (IQR: 21-45) in the case and control group, respectively. Most prevalent HCV genotype was 1a (79%). In the logistic regression model, sharing straw during cocaine inhalation (OR: 9.03; 95% CI; 1.35-13.52; P = 0.003), sharing sex toys (OR: 17.53, 95% CI; 6.85-44.86; P = 0.002), and ethyl chloride use for chemsex (OR: 2.26; 95% CI; 1.29-5.56; P = 0.037) were significant risk factors for HCV infection. This study identifies risk factors for HCV transmission in Mexico in HIV positive MSM in congruence with the findings of many studies performed worldwide. This is the first study that indicates a possible association between ethyl chloride use in chemsex and HCV infection. Assessment of local populations for risk factors for HCV transmission may help to develop specifically targeted behavioral interventions to reduce HCV transmission.
The antibacterial activities (ABAC) of white calyces varieties (WCV) of Hibiscus sabdariffa L has not been explored in depth. The aims of the study were to determine the ABAC of WCV and the ...relationship of phenolic composition with ABAC. Four experimental WCV (W1, W2, W3, and W4), and one with red calyces (RCV) were used. The ABAC of ethanol extracts were tested against Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria. WCV showed higher ABAC than RCV, and it was associated to flavonoid content which was 60% higher in WCV with respect to RCV. The free phenolic content of W1, W2, and W4 varieties was 50% higher than that observed in RCV and W3 varieties. The standardized abundance of N-feruloyltiramine and quercetin in the extracts of WCV was related with their highest ABAC. WCV are a promising source of phenolic compounds with high ABAC.
This study was to determine and compare the prevalences of polypharmacy and comorbidities in patients aged 50 years or older with those patients younger than 50 years in a Mexican population.
One ...hundred and twenty-five patients were enrolled, 60 (48%) were aged 50 years or older. The median CD4+ cell counts were 509 cells/μL (interquartile range IQR: 324-730) for the older patients and 384 cells/μL (IQR: 262-562) (P = 0.021) for the younger patients. Viral suppression were significantly higher in the older group: 80% vs. 63% (P = 0.037). The number of comorbidities was significantly higher in the older group, with a median of 2 (IQR: 2-3) vs. 1 (IQR: 0-1) (P ≤ 0.001). After adjustment of the logistic regression model in the older group, the following comorbidities differed between the age groups: systemic arterial hypertension (odds ratio OR: 15.75; 95% confidence interval CI 3.49-71.05; P = < 0.001), diabetes mellitus (OR: 14.36; 95% CI 1.79-115.07; P = 0.001), osteoarthritis (OR: 10.33; 95% CI 2.88-37.05; P = < 0.001), hyperlipidemia (OR: 2.78; 95% CI 1.22-6.34; P = 0.001), and polypharmacy (OR: 6.58; 95% CI 3.01-14.39; P = 0.001).
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection affects an estimated 71 million people worldwide. HCV is classified into eight genotypes and >70 subtypes. Determination of HCV genotype is important for selection ...of type and duration of antiviral therapy, and genotype is also a predictor of treatment response. The most commonly used HCV genotyping method in clinical laboratories is a hybridization-based line probe assay (LiPA; Versant HCV Genotype 2.0). However, these methods have a lack of specificity in genotype identification and subtype assignment. Here, we compared the performance of Versant HCV Genotype 2.0 with the gold standard direct sequencing of the NS5B region, in 97 samples from Mexican patients. We found a genotypic concordance of 63.9% between these methods. While 68 samples (70%) were classified into HCV genotype 1 (GT1) by NS5B sequencing, it was not true for 17 samples (17.5%), which were not match HCV subtype by LiPA. Furthermore, nine of the 33 samples classified by NS5B sequencing as GT1a were not identified by LiPA. Use of direct sequencing could improve selection of the optimal therapy, avoid possible failures of therapy and avoid high costs resulting from incorrect genotyping tests in settings without broad access to pangenotypic regimens.
The presence of thrips in vegetable crops has become an important phytosanitary issue in Mexico. Their direct injuries to plants are the result of the feeding by their immature and adult stages, ...whereas their indirect injuries are caused by the transmission of various viruses. The objective of this study was to identify the species of thrips associated with 6 vegetable crops in order to determine their population fluctuations and to ascertain the effects of temperature and rainfall on their populations. Samples were collected from zucchini, onion, pepper, cucumber, tomato, and tomatillo in Puebla and Morelos from Feb 2010 to Feb 2011. Three species were identified: Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on all vegetables, Frankliniella fortissima (Priesner) on zucchini and cucumber, and Thrips tabaci (Lindeman) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on onion and pepper. The highest population level for thrips coincided with the presence of flowers on the crops, except in the case of onion. In general, 2 to 6 generations of thrips were present in each crop cycle, and the levels of populations decreased when the plants were near senescence. The main suppressive effect of weather on thrips populations was caused by rainfall.
Abstract In Mexico, information on the bovine fecal microbiota (Bos taurus) is scarce. The present study describes the diversity and abundance of bacteria in fecal samples from rangeland bovines, ...collected in the Mapimi Biosphere Reserve in the central part of the Chihuahuan desert. Fecal samples were analysed using high-throughput next generation massive sequencing using V3-V4 16S rRNA on Illumina Miseq. A total of 17 phyla, 24 classes, 33 orders, 50 families, 281 genera, and 297 species were identified. Firmicutes and Verrucomicrobia were the most abundant phyla. The most abundant genera were Sporobacter, PAC000748_g (genera into the Ruminococcaceae family) and Eubacterium_g23. Three genera (Clostridium, Corynebacterium and Fusobacterium) and one species (Campylobacter fetus) potentially pathogenic bovine bacteria were registered. This information represents a bacteriological baseline for monitoring the grazing bovine intestinal health status, and to trace possible interactions with the fecal microbiota of native roaming wildlife in the area.
Introducción: En este artículo realizamos un estado de la cuestión sobre los trabajos publicados en España desde las últimas décadas del siglo XX hasta la actualidad sobre el itinerario didáctico. ...Con ello pretendemos averiguar cuál ha sido el enfoque utilizado por docentes e investigadores y cómo éste ha ido variando para adaptarse a las necesidades e inquietudes de cada momento.
Método: Análisis del repositorio bibliográfico de Dialnet; selección de obras más relevantes para nuestra investigación desde los años 80 hasta la actualidad; ordenación cronológica y temática de las diferentes aportaciones sobre el tema objeto de estudio; establecimiento de líneas generales o tendencias en el empleo de los itinerarios didácticos a lo largo del periodo estudiado.
Resultados: Hemos podido comprobar cómo el empleo del itinerario didáctico ha gozado de una larga trayectoria en nuestro país que puede remontarse a los inicios del siglo XX; ha sido empleado por los docentes en un amplio abanico de disciplinas, entre las que destacan la Geografía, la Geología y la Botánica, por una parte, y la Historia, Historia del Arte y Educación Patrimonial por otra. No obstante, los enfoques y recursos asociados a dicha estrategia han ido variando a lo largo del tiempo, por ejemplo, incorporando inquietudes relacionadas con la educación ambiental -en el caso de su empleo en las Ciencias de la Naturaleza-, o con las herramientas digitales -en el caso de las Ciencias Sociales-.
Conclusiones: Se ha puesto de manifiesto la continuidad en el empleo de esta estrategia metodológica. A pesar de su larga trayectoria y del mantenimiento de determinadas tendencias, se comprueba una evolución no solo en cuanto a las materias abordadas, sino también en lo que atañe a la incorporación de nuevas cuestiones y problemáticas de gran calado en la sociedad actual, así como a los recursos didácticos empleados (TIC), acordes con las necesidades e inquietudes del presente.
This study was conducted to obtain perspectives by law enforcement officers regarding civilians attending civilian academies and officers’ perceptions of civilians' experiences, gaining an insightful ...experience of the work law enforcement officers do and their working environment. Assessing a civilian academy composed of various communities may help civilians understand the complexities of an officer’s job by sharing dialog with assigned officers in diverse communities. The training establishes shared information that effectively reinforces collective efficacy theory mechanisms in the community and a better understanding and acceptance with law enforcement. Officers working in various communities often encounter civilians who have attended these academies and form a better alliance with them. The following research question guided this study: How are civilian academies changing the relationships between law enforcement officers and citizens? The results from this study are significant to the criminal justice community because of the unique relationship between civilian academies and the perceptions of the realities of police work. Findings will contribute to the field of public safety by law enforcement officers who have worked alongside civilian academy graduates and introducing civilian participants to the profession by providing them with opportunities to learn more about their communities and how the police operate. Two findings arose from this research study: utilizing experiences and periodic participation of law enforcement officers with a desire to teach civilians and a positive change in attitudes experienced by civilian and law enforcement, impacting a greater understanding of a working conduit of transparency. The influence of the law enforcement officer’s experience with an appreciation towards building a positive medium with the communities they serve will merit an optimistic and progressive role of increasing community involvement to enroll in a civilian academy, thus securing the foundation of continuity towards unity between law enforcement and the community.
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