The increasing production of red mud waste is a major threat to the environment as red mud is difficult to manage and causes serious environmental issues. Red mud wastes are rich in mineral content ...and the addition of such wastes as fillers in polymer composites can improve the mechanical performance. In view of this, a hybrid composite is fabricated using red mud as a filler and sisal fibre as the reinforcement in a polyester matrix. The impact of the addition of red mud on the hybrid composite density, void, tensile strength, impact strength, hardness, and water absorption behaviour was investigated. The mechanical properties of the developed hybrid composites were enhanced considerably when compared to unfilled sisal/polyester composites. The hybrid composites showed a reduction in water intake percentage; however, increasing the red mud weight percentage showed an increase in the water intake percentage. In both the mechanical and water absorption tests, an increase in the red mud percentage indicated a negative impact. Red mud percentages of 10% and 20% demonstrated good bonding with the fibre and the matrix; this was evident from the scanning electron microscopy images. The fabricated red mud filled composites were demonstrated to be a sustainable and economical solution for red mud waste management.
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•A cleaner production approach by effective use of red mud industrial waste.•Red mud waste is used as filler in hybrid composite fabrication.•Red mud filler improved the mechanical strength and reduced water absorption.•Composite with 20% red mud exhibits superior mechanical characteristics.
The usage of banana natural fibers along with polymer matrix composites had created much interest among the researchers due to their low cost, easy availability, strength and enhancement in ...properties such as mechanical, wear, electrical and thermal. Banana plant is cultivated all over the world which is familiarly used as food products especially banana fruit as well as many household items made from banana fibers. The natural fiber extracted from the banana stem proves to be a potential reinforcement in the composite manufacturing. This review is very much needed because of the enormous research reported on the banana fiber reinforced polymer composites, with such an excellent property offered by this banana fiber reinforcement the impact of hybridization and its need also to be addressed. This brief review article gives a detail information about the combinations of various hybrid composites produced using the banana fiber along with various other natural/synthetic fibers in the polymer matrixes and its performance improvement especially in the mechanical and thermal properties. From the review it was inferred that 30–50% increase in all the mechanical properties such as Tensile, Flexural and Impact strength. Also in addition an enhancement in thermal and moisture resistance also noted. In addition during this review the research gap observed is that the development of bio composites based on banana fiber is very limited and also the influence of banana fiber along with bio resin needs to be studied. The properties such as fatigue, fire resistance also to be analyzed using the banana fiber reinforcement.
The Sansevieria cylindrica (SC) fiber reinforced polyester matrix composites (SCFRPCs) were fabricated using compression molding machine. The influences of fiber length, fiber loading and chemical ...treatments of SCFRPCs over the mechanical and thermal stability were analyzed at different temperatures. The dynamic characteristics such as storage, loss modulus and damping were significantly influenced by the increase in fiber length and fiber loading but not in a geometric progression. Among various chemical treatments, the potassium permanganate treated SCFRPCs show the maximum increase in storage and loss modulus values. This result concluded that in addition to the reinforcing element (fiber length and wt% of fiber) the interfacial bonding between the fiber and the matrix plays a vital role in restricting the molecular mobility which was apparent from the storage modulus values. Efficient stress transfer at the interface is necessary to produce better dynamic properties rather than having more interfacial region. The change in morphology of cleaned and roughened SC fiber and the degree of interfacial adhesion between the fiber and matrix were studied using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The weight loss of SCFRPCs were also studied under varying temperatures with the help of thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA).
Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites (NFRPCs) are being widely used in aerospace, marine, automotive and healthcare applications due to their sustainability, low cost and ecofriendly nature. ...The NFRPCs manufactured through conventional and computer-controlled intelligent manufacturing techniques may contain internal and external defects. Traditionally, the microstructure of NFRPCs at different stages of manufacturing was obtained using destructive techniques which have stringent sample size restrictions and may cause a decrease in residual properties of composites due to destructive scanning. However, these complications can be overcome by using non-destructive evaluation (NDE) and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques. This review highlights the impact of NDE and AI on the improvement of emerging manufacturing systems. We have discussed the classification of biocomposites, their manufacturing techniques, recyclability and strategies to improve mechanical properties. Further, the use of different types of contact and non-contact NDE techniques in understanding the microstructural variations during manufacturing, machining and the parameters that affect the mechanical performance of NFRPCs are discussed. The use of NDE images in developing the geometrical and computational models of NFRPCs is presented. We have highlighted the importance of AI technology in enhancing the quality of NDE images, improving the microstructural information before post-processing the data, and minimizing the analysis time and identifying the defects and damages in NFRPCs. In the end, we presented the application of NDE techniques and AI technology in efficient generation of digital material twins of NFRPCs, which will be useful to design next-generation biocomposites.
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Performance of conventional materials in diverse engineering application is not satisfactory due to the development in products design and engineering materials. In this case, fiber reinforced ...Polymers (FRPs) have attracted the material engineers with their unique properties and their expansion in various applications. The superior characteristics of the FRPs emphasized their advancement in machining performance. So it becomes more significant to analyze their machinability for further improvement in their machining characteristics and applications. The intention of this paper is to review the machining response of FRPs especially on drilling. Concerning FRPs drilling operation the main aspects were focused on glass, natural and carbon fiber reinforced polymers. Drilling damages such as delamination of plies, thrust force, and surface quality in response to various parameter influences were also discussed in detail.
Composite materials have taken an imperative place in the material system because of their unique performance in various specialized applications. Fiber inclusion and the heterogeneous property of ...composites make it more difficult to machine with the conventional machining process. However, several nonconventional methods have been adopted for machining composites, in which abrasive water jet machining (AWJM) was proven to be more effective and a preferable technique in machining of fiber-reinforced composite material. This review article is intended to highlight and categorize the machining performance of the fiber-reinforced composites on machining with AWJM process.
Disposal of organic wastes with no reduction in intensity produces greenhouse gas, which affects the environment and its climatic conditions. Because of the increasing urge to save the environment ...and to add value for the waste, these can be converted into a value-added product. The development of biochar-based polymer composites from such wastes could be an effective and efficient one for various applications. This work focuses on new development of composite reinforced with biochar, prepared from cashew nutshell waste (CNSL) by the pyrolysis process. The CNSL waste is closely packed in an airtight container and heated at the temperature of 500° C for 1 h in a stir casting furnace. This CNSL biochar is used as reinforcement in unsaturated polyester resin for composite fabrication. The composites are prepared by the solution dispersion method at different weight percentages of 5, 10, and 15. The prepared specimens are subjected to tensile flexural and impact strength studies. Compared to unfilled composite 10% biochar filled composite shows maximum tensile, flexural, impact and hardness strength and their improvement percentages are 21, 41 & 37 respectively.Interestingly, the maximum flexural strength is noticed at 15% filled composites with a 40% improvement in strength.
The recent research and development are concentrated on identifying innovative and efficient materials using recycling and use. In support of this, one of the results is the evolution of biochar, ...because of its attractive properties and performance. Biochar is produced by combustion and the ancient slash method. The research relates to the derivation and use of biochar from sugarcane waste. The derived sugarcane waste biochar is incorporated at different weight percentages of 5 wt%, 10 wt%, and 15 wt% with different treating times into the polyester matrix through the solution dispersion method resulting in polymer composites. The mechanical and thermal properties of sugarcane biochar polyester (SBPE) composites are examined using ASTM standards. The tensile strength of the composites showed a decremental nature with an increase in the percentage weight of the sugarcane. The morphological properties of the tensile fractured specimens were evaluated and the composite with a 10 wt% sugarcane biochar polyester matrix was found to have a higher interfacial transmission zone. Erosion studies of manufactured SBPE composites are studied and the results infer that an hour-treated 10 wt% of sugarcane biochar polyester composites possess minimal erosion at 90° angle of impact.
Erosion resistance of the redmud filled and unfilled sisal fiber reinforced hybrid composites were tested by solid particle erosion test as per ASTM standard G76. Erosion parameters such as erodent ...velocity, impact angle and erodent discharge rate were considered for conducting experiments and erosion rate was analysed. Taguchi analysis of erosion test result shows that erodent velocity, red mud particle proportion and erodent discharge was prominent in deciding the erosion loss in the composites. When compared to unfilled composites addition of redmud on the polyester composite showed better resistance against erosion wear. Redmud addition changes the ductile nature of the composite so maximum erosion rate was noted at lower impact angle. When increasing the erodent velocity, the erosion rate of the composite was increased. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis evident the formation of plastic deformation and fiber damage on the eroded surface.
Composite materials are emerging in present-day scenario, since its high performance extend their use in several industrial applications. With the expansion in utilization of these materials in new ...areas, it is very crucial to examine their tribological performance extensively. Presently, many researches have been carried out to find the tribological characteristics of polymers. The objective of this review is to present inclusive information on erosion effect on fiber-reinforced polymer composites. Broad study has been made on erosive response of polymers with the addition of filler material and fiber influence. Further the review extends on statistical methods which are used in evaluating the erosion characteristics of composites.
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