There may be many risk factors for both youth offending and victimization. In our study, we aimed to compare youth offenders and victims in terms of attachment characteristics, emotion regulation, ...and mind-reading skills.
This study employed a single-center, cross-sectional, case-control design. Kiddie and Young Adult Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia Present and Lifetime Version along with diagnostic criteria of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, were administered by clinicians. Mind-reading skills were assessed with Reading the Mind in the Eyes task (RMET) and Faces test. Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) and Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment-Short Form (IPPA-SF) were used for assessing attachment and emotion regulation properties.
: When we compared the two groups in terms of IPPA-SF, DERS, RMET and Faces test, we found that victimized and offending youth did not differ significantly in terms of attachment to peers and communication/trust domains of parental attachment. Youth offenders and victims differed significantly in terms of DERS- Non-acceptance and Goals both (
= .031 and .045; respectively). Offending youth scored significantly higher in Non-acceptance, while victimized youth scored significantly higher in Goals.
: Offending youth were more alienated from their parents, were experiencing problems with emotional acceptance, and had lower theory of mind and emotion recognition skills compared to victimized youth. Therefore, protective interventions supporting parent-adolescent communication/attachment, as well as emotion recognition/regulation and theory of mind skills of youth, may protect children from both victimization and delinquency.
In this review, we explore the intricate development of sexual identity, drawing insights from genetic, endocrinological, neuroanatomical, and neurophysiological studies. Gender identity, ...encapsulating an individual's internal perception as male or female, undergoes a nuanced and gradual formation, commencing early in life and progressing through distinct stages. Gender nonconformity delineates behaviors that diverge from culturally prescribed norms, while gender dysphoria encompasses the emotional distress experienced by some individuals due to a mismatch between their gender identity and assigned sex at birth. The genesis of sexual identity involves multifaceted processes spanning numerous years. Human sex differentiation involves the suppression or inactivation of specific genes, a phenomenon illuminated by genetic investigations into gender dysphoria, which have shown comparable rates of genetic variations to the general population. Nevertheless, twin studies suggest an augmented likelihood of transsexuality among family members, hinting at potential environmental influences. Brain sexual differentiation occurs during mid-to-late pregnancy due to the impact of gonadal hormones. The mechanisms underpinning the loss of feminine brain characteristics and subsequent masculinization likely involve a combination of factors, indicating a complex interplay rather than a singular cause. Studies propose that human sexual behavior is not governed by a solitary gene but rather by a network of genes dispersed across the genome. Notably, disparities in brain structures, functionalities between genders, as well as variations in endocrine and serotonin-dopamine levels, are implicated in the etiology of gender dysphoria, contributing to the understanding of this complex phenomenon situated between genders.
Bu gözden geçirmede cinsel kimlik gelişimini bu konuda yapılan genetik, endokrinolojik, nöroanatomik, nörofizyolojik çalışmaların ışığında açıklanması hedeflenmiştir. Cinsel kimlik bireyin kendisini öznel olarak kadın ya da erkek olarak algılamasını ifade eder. Cinsel kimlik gelişiminin erken yaşlarda başladığı, uzun yıllar süren aşamalı bir süreç olduğu ve çeşitli aşamalardan geçtiği belirtilmektedir. Cinsiyet uygunsuzluğu kültürel olarak tanımlanan normlara uymayan cinsiyet rol davranışını belirtir. Cinsiyet hoşnutsuzluğu ise, cinsiyet uyumsuzluğu olan bazı bireylerin yaşayabileceği duygusal karmaşa veya sıkıntıyı ifade etmektedir. İnsanlarda cinsiyet farklılaşması bazı genlerin basımlanması ya da inaktivasyonu ile meydana gelmektedir. Cinsiyet hoşnutsuzluğ örneklemlerindeki genetik araştırmalar rutin moleküler karyotiplemede değişiklik oranlarının genel popülasyona benzer olduğunu göstermiştir. Ancak yapılan ikiz çalışmalarında aile üyeleri arasında artan transseksüelite riski paylaşılmış çevrenin de etken olabileceğini düşündürmüştür. İnsanlarda beynin cinsel yönden farklılaşması gonadal hormonlar etkisi ile gebeliğin ortası/sonlarında olmaktadır. Eldeki veriler değerlendirildiğinde beynin dişil özelliklerinin kaybolması ve erkeksileşmesi için olasılıkla birden fazla mekanizmanın rol oynayabileceği düşünülebilir. Yapılan çalışmalar insanlarda cinsel davranışın tek bir gen tarafından belirlenmediğini, tüm genoma yayılmış çoklu genlerce belirlendiğini düşündürmektedir. Erkek ve kadın beyni yapı ve işlevlerin farklı olması, endokrinolojik ve serotonin- dopamin düzeyinde ki farklılıklar cinsiyetler arasında CH etiyolojisinde etkili olabilir.
21. yüzyıl itibariyle şüphesiz teknolojinin gelişmesine ve teknolojik imkan ve araştırmaların artış göstermesine bağlı olarak, adından çokça söz ettiren yapay zeka, insan hayatındaki anlam ve önemini ...her geçen gün biraz daha tutarlı ve kararlı bir biçimde ortaya koymaktadır. Gündelik hayatta temizlik amacıyla kullanılan robotlar kadar, sağlık sektörünün adeta vazgeçilmezi haline gelen tıbbi klinik uygulamalar şeklinde de belirebilen yapay zeka, insan hayatının bir parçası haline gelmiş, insan yaşam tarzıyla adeta bütünleşmiştir. Öyle ki, insan zekası modelleştirilerek geliştirilen yapay zekanın, ayrıca insan benzeri yeteneklerle çeşitli ürünleri de resim çizmek, şarkı söylemek, dans etmek, bestelemek suretiyle üretebiliyor olması, özellikle fikri mülkiyet hukuku bağlamında bu ürünlerin niteliğine yönelik tartışmalara sebebiyet vermektedir. Bu ürünlerin fikri mülkiyet hukuku kapsamında eser olarak değerlendirilip değerlendirilemeyeceği ancak eser kavramının tespiti ile mümkündür. Zira fikri mülkiyet hukukunun odak noktasını eser kavramı ve unsurları teşkil etmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı öncelikle çeşitli yönleriyle yapay zekayı tanımlamak, yapay zeka ürünlerini örneklendirdikten sonra bu ürünlerin hukuki niteliğini değerlendirebilmek adına eser kavramını incelemektir.
As of the 21st century, depending on the increasinly development of technology and technological potential and investigations, artificial intelligence makes an indelible impression and presents consistent and distinctly day by day its meaning and importance in human life. Artificial intelligence became a part of human life and integrates with human lifestyle; it can appear in daily life as well as robots used for cleaning purposes and in form of medical clinical applications that have become indispensable for the health sector. In fact artificial intelligence is devised by taking the human intelligence as an example. But its anthropomorphic abilities for generating various products like drawing a picture, singing a song, dancing and composing, is causing discussions about the legibility of these products especially in intellectual property law. The issue if these products can be evaluated as a work within the intellectual property law, is only possible by the determination of the work concept. Because the focal point of the intellectual property law is presented by the work and its factors. Purpose of this study is primarily to identify the artificial intelligence with its various aspects, and after exemplifying the artificial intelligence’s products, to analyze the work concept for evaluating the legal character of these.
Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare children with Specific Learning Disorders (SLD) and matched controls in terms of nonverbal communication skills, understanding of emotions, ...electrodermal activity (EDA) changes and response latencies measured with affective stimuli. Method: The study was designed as a single-center, cross-sectional, controlled study. KA-SI Empathic Tendency Scale-Child Form, Test of Perception of Affect-Via Nonverbal Cues (TPANC) were used for both groups. The TPANC test was performed in 4 different sessions (for picture, video, audio and textual stimuli), and during each session, the EDA was measured from the non-dominant hand. Stimuli were given at 15 second intervals in the tests and phasic changes within 3-8 seconds after the stimulus was accepted as skin conductance responses related to the stimulus in accordance with the literature. The responses and response latency during the TPANC test were recorded by the clinician. Results: 31 children with SLD and 31 healthy controls were included in the study. The mean ages for SLD and controls were 10 years 6 months and 10 years 1 month; respectively. In the SLD group, the number of correct responses in all subtests of TPANC was statistically significantly lower than controls (p<0.05). When TPANC subtests response latencies were compared, there was a significant increase in the SLD group compared to controls (p<0.05). The groups did not display a significant difference in EDA changes while providing responses in TPANC. Conclusion: Our results contribute to the literature on the affect recognition and its autonomic correlates among children with SLD. However, dependence on a single-modality for autonomic nervous system reactivity and limited sample size may affect our results and further studies with larger samples employing multiple domains of autonomic reactivity may be needed. Keywords: Affect perception, electrodermal activity, specific learning disability
Objective: This study aimed to determine the sleep habits and sleep problems of patients with conduct disorder (CD) and to compare them with healthy controls. Materials and Methods: This ...cross-sectional study included 45 children diagnosed with CD and 50 healthy controls. Sleep was evaluated by children’s sleep habits questionnaire (CSHQ). Qualitative variables between groups were compared using chi-square test, whereas quantitative variables were compared using t-test. Correlation analyses were conducted to evaluate relationships between the quantitative variables. Linear regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the predictors of severity of CD symptoms. P was set at 0.05. Results: The average ages of children in CD and control groups were 11.04±1.20 and 10.00±1.55 years, respectively. Moreover, 71.1% in the CD group were boys (vs. 78.0% in the control group). The groups were comparable in terms of socio-demographic features (all p>0.05). Scores of all CSHQ subscales were significantly elevated in the CD group compared with the control group (p<0.001). Clinically significant sleep problems were significantly elevated in the CD group (p<0.001). In the regression analysis, bedtime resistance and daytime sleepiness emerged as significant predictors of the severity of CD. Conclusion: Sleep problems may be common among Turkish children with CD, and bedtime resistance and daytime sleepiness may indicate severity of symptoms. Multimodal treatment for CD among children may address sleep problems.
...twin studies suggest an augmented likelihood of transsexuality among family members, hinting at potential environmental influences. ...instances of gender discordance (incompatibility between ...anatomical gender and gender identity) may be reported without concurrent manifestations of gender non-conformity (Diamond and Butterworth 2008, Agana et al. 2019). The expression of the SRY gene ("Sex determining region Y") on the Y chromosome in humans leads to the development of testes and the production of sex hormones in males, and this gene is also active in certain brain cells. The WNT-4 gene ("wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 4") on the X chromosome may be necessary for both ovarian and testicular development.
Objective: This study aimed to determine the sleep habits and sleep problems of patients with conduct disorder (CD) and to compare them with healthy controls. Materials and Methods: This ...cross-sectional study included 45 children diagnosed with CD and 50 healthy controls. Sleep was evaluated by children's sleep habits questionnaire (CSHQ). Qualitative variables between groups were compared using chi-square test, whereas quantitative variables were compared using t-test. Correlation analyses were conducted to evaluate relationships between the quantitative variables. Linear regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the predictors of severity of CD symptoms. P was set at 0.05. Results: The average ages of children in CD and control groups were 11.04+ or -1.20 and 10.00+ or -1.55 years, respectively. Moreover, 71.1% in the CD group were boys (vs. 78.0% in the control group). The groups were comparable in terms of socio-demographic features (all p>0.05). Scores of all CSHQ subscales were significantly elevated in the CD group compared with the control group (p<0.001). Clinically significant sleep problems were significantly elevated in the CD group (p<0.001). In the regression analysis, bedtime resistance and daytime sleepiness emerged as significant predictors of the severity of CD. Conclusion: Sleep problems may be common among Turkish children with CD, and bedtime resistance and daytime sleepiness may indicate severity of symptoms. Multimodal treatment for CD among children may address sleep problems. Keywords: Conduct disorder, sleep habits, child Amac: Calismamizin amaci, davranim bozuklugu (DB) olan hastalarin uyku aliskanliklarini ve uyku sorunlarini belirlemek ve bunlari saglikli kontrollerle karsilastirmaktir. Gerec ve Yontem: Bu calisma, saglikli bir kontrol grubu ile kesitsel bir calismadir. DB tanisi alan 45 cocuk ve 50 saglikli kontrol calismaya dahil edildi. Uyku aliskanliklari, cocuklarin uyku aliskanliklari anketi (CUAA) ile degerlendirildi. Gruplar arasi nitel degiskenler ki-kare testi ile kantitatif de g iskenler t-testi ile karsilastirildi. Nicel degiskenler arasindaki iliskileri deerlendirmek icin korelasyon analizleri yapilmistir. DB semptomlarinin siddetini belirleyen faktorleri degerlendirmek icin dogrusal regresyon analizi yapilmistir. P<0,05 degeri istatistiksel olarak anlamli kabul edildi. Bulgular: DB'li cocuklarin ve kontrollerin ortalama yaslari sirasiyla 11,04+ or -1,20 ve 10,00+ or -1,55 yildi. DB'li cocuklarin %71,1'ini erkekler olusturmustur (kontrollerin %78,0'i). Gruplar sosyo-demografik ozellikler acisindan benzerdi (p>0,05). Tum CUAA alt olceklerinin puanlari, kontrollere kiyasla DB grubunda anlamli olarak yuksekti (p<0,001). DB'li hastalarda klinik olarak anlamli uyku problemleri daha yuksekti (p<0,001). Regresyon analizinde, yatma zamani direnci ve gunduz uykululugu davranis bozuklugunun siddetinin anlamli yordayicilari olarak ortaya cikti. Sonuc: DB'si olan Turk cocuklarinda uyku sorunlari yaygin olabilir ve yatma zamani direnci ve gunduz uykululuk semptomlarin siddetini gosterebilir. Cocuklarda DB icin cok boyutlu tedavi uyku problemlerini de ele almalidir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Davranim bozuklugu, uyku aliskanliklari, cocuklar
In this study, it was aimed to examine the adaptation processes of individuals with intellectual disabilities and their mothers to Covid-19 restrictions. The research was designed in qualitative ...research method and focus group interview technique was used. The mothers of individuals with intellectual disabilities constitute the participant group of the study. A semi-structured interview form consisting of eight questions prepared by the researchers was used as a data collection tool. Data were collected through two focus group interviews via Zoom link. The data obtained were analyzed by content analysis method. As a result of the research, four themes were reached: “Life Before the Pandemic”, “Encountering the Pandemic”, “Effects of the Pandemic”, and “Facilitation in the Adaptation Process to the Pandemic”. As a result, although Covid-19 restrictions led to the regression of some skills of individuals with intellectual disabilities, it created an opportunity for them to develop new interests. In addition, although there were supports that facilitated the pandemic process, it was determined that mothers needed even more psychological support during this period.
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