U ovom radu je predstavljen povijesni razvoj stigmatizirajućih stavova prema osobama sa psihičkim smetnjama, negativni učinci koje taj problem nosi sa sobom te mogući načini prevazilaženja ovog ...problema. Razvoj psihijatrije seže u daleku prošlost. Smatra se da su primitivna plemena na psihičku bolest gledala kao na višu silu, koju nije bilo moguće promijeniti, a izolacija psihički oboljelih osoba bila je popularna i u to daleko doba. Na psihijatrijske se pacijente oduvijek gledalo kao na opasne i kriminalce. U prilog tome govori i činjenica da su ovakve osobe bivale mučene po raznim logorima, omalovažavane i etiketirane. Psihijatrijske su ustanove uvijek smještane izvan gradova, na planine, daleko od ostalih ljudi. To se može vidjeti još i danas. Svi ovi faktori pridonijeli su stvaranju stigmatizacije ne samo među općom populacijom već i među zdravstvenih djelatnicima. Tek se u 18. stoljeću nazire svijetla točka u psihijatriji, skidanjem okova i lanaca s oboljelih. Bez obzira na napore koji su uloženi u smanjenje stigmatizacije, među općom populacijom još je i danas prisutan strah i oprez prilikom kontakta sa psihijatrijskim pacijentima. Ono što nas veseli je činjenica da se zbog sve većeg broja psihičkih oboljenja žele izraditi programi za borbu protiv stigmatizacije. Ovakvi programi imaju za cilj vraćanje dostojanstva oboljelim osobama, ali i ustanova u kojima one borave. Stigmatizaciji značajno doprinosi nedostatak znanja i razumijevanja psihičke bolesti. Stoga je iznimno važna edukacija bolesnika, njihovih obitelji, ali i šire javnosti. Sve ovo ima isti cilj, a on je bolje razumijevnje psihički oboljelih osoba i smanjenje stigmatizacije.
Cilj ovog rada je prikazati što sve utječe na stvaranje stigmatizirajućih stavova prema psihički oboljelim osobama, do kojih negativnih posljedica dovode takvi stavovi te koji su mogući načini njihovog prevazilaženja.
POZITIVNI UČINCI KANABISA NA ZDRAVLJE Batori, Maja; Žerovnik, Ana; Barać, Katarina ...
Zdravstveni glasnik,
11/2018, Volume:
4, Issue:
8
Journal Article, Paper
Open access
Kanabinoidi su aktivni sastojci jednogodišnje biljke koja se naziva indijska konoplja (lat. Cannabissativa). Kanabis (marihuana, konoplja) jedna je od najstarijih i najraširenijih biljaka poznatih ...čovjeku. Raste kao korov i kao uzgajana biljka
diljem svijeta u raznim zemljama i klimama. Kemijski sastojci odgovorni za intoksikaciju i medicinsku djelotvornost
nalaze se uglavnom u ljepljivoj zlatnoj smoli koju izlučuju cvjetovi na ženskim biljkama. Biljka kanabisa sadrži više od 460
poznatih sastojaka, među kojim ih više od 60 ima 21-ugljičnu strukturu tipičnu za kanabionide. Porijeklom iz središnje
Azije, kanabis se uzgajao već prije deset tisuća godina, a u Kini su ga uzgajali 4000. godina pr.n.e. Kanabis je najrasprostranjenija i mladima najlakše dostupna ilegalana psihoaktivna tvar, koja se često razvrstava u kategoriju “lakih droga“. Po
međunarodnim klasifikacijama kanabinoidi spadaju u skupinu psihoaktivnih tvari koje mogu izazvati različite duševne i
druge zdravstvene poremećaje. S druge strane nedvojbeno je dokazano da kanabis može imati i pozitivne učinke na ljudsko zdravlje. Medicinska konoplja sadrži sastojke koji posjeduju terapijska svojstva za velik broj ljudskih bolesti i fizičkih
slabosti. Kanabis se propisuje za osobe oboljele od multipla skleroze radi zaustavljanja ili smanjivanja grčeva mišića, propisuje se oboljelima od AIDS-a i raka kako bi im se smanjila mučnina i potaknuo apetit. Primjenjuje i u liječenju epilepsije,
depresije, tjeskobe i Alzheimerove bolesti. Kako bi učinkovitost kanabisa u liječenju različitih bolesti bila uspješna najvažnije je postaviti odgovarajuću dozu i primjerenu učestalost. Cilj ovog rada je, proučavanjem literature, prikazati pozitivne
učinke kanabisa na zdravlje.
UVOD: Problematika vezana s uporabom psihoaktivnih tvari je sve izraţenija, te se sve više poduzimaju različite i opseţne mjere radi suzbijanja njihove uporabe. CILJ ISTRAŢIVANJA: Ispitivati ...kvalitetu ţivota i psihičke simptome ovisnika o opijatima. POSTUPCI I ISPITANICI: Istraţivanje provedeno je u Centru za prevenciju i izvanbolničko liječenje bolesti ovisnosti u Mostaru u razdoblju od 13.5. do 20.6.2019 godine. Obuhvaćen je uzorak od 50 ispitanika tijekom njihovih redovitih dolazaka u Centar. Ispitanici su podijeljeni u dvije skupine. Ispitna skupina (N= 25) ispitanika koji se nalaze na redovitom tretmanu, a kontrolna skupina (N=25) ispitanika koji se nalaze na diskontinuiranom tretmanu liječenja. Glavni mjerni instrumenti za istraţivanje bili su upitnik za kvalitetu ţivota (WHOQOL-BREF) te, upitnik za samoprocjenu psihičkih simptoma (SCL-90). REZULTATI: MeĎu skupinama ispitanika nema statistički značajne razlike u kvaliteti ţivota kada se u obzir uzmu čestice: fizičko zdravlje, psihološki faktori, društveni odnosi, te okolina. Što se tiče razlike u prisutnosti psihičkih simptoma meĎu skupinama, skupina koja je bila redovito u tretmanu imala u prosjeku značajno više nespecifičnih simptoma od skupine koja je bila na diskontinuiranom tretmanu. Statistički značajnih razlika u drugim varijablama poput somatizacije, opsesivno-kompulzivnih simptoma, interpersonalne vulnerabilnosti, depresivnosti, anksioznosti, agresivnosti, fobija meĎu skupinama nije bilo. ZAKLJUČAK: U kvaliteti ţivota meĎu skupinama nije bilo statistički značajne razlike, ali je skupina koja je bila na redovitom tretmanu liječenja imala bolju kvalitetu ţivota i u prosjeku statstički značajno više nespecifičnih psihičkih simptoma od skupine koja se nalazila na diskontinuiranom tretmanu.
Ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride BMIMCl was used to prepare cellulose (CELL), cellulose/polycaprolactone (CELL/PCL), cellulose/polycaprolactone/keratin (CELL/PCL/KER), and ...cellulose/polycaprolactone/keratin/ground calcium carbonate (CELL/PCL/KER/GCC) biodegradable mulch films. Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier-Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, optical microscopy, and Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) were used to verify the films' surface chemistry and morphology. Mulch film made of only cellulose regenerated from ionic liquid solution exhibited the highest tensile strength (75.3 ± 2.1 MPa) and modulus of elasticity of 944.4 ± 2.0 MPa. Among samples containing PCL, CELL/PCL/KER/GCC is characterized by the highest tensile strength (15.8 ± 0.4 MPa) and modulus of elasticity (687.5 ± 16.6 MPa). The film's breaking strain decreased for all samples containing PCL upon the addition of KER and KER/GCC. The melting temperature of pure PCL is 62.3 °C, whereas that of CELL/PCL film has a slight tendency for melting point depression (61.0 °C), which is a characteristic of partially miscible polymer blends. Furthermore, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analysis revealed that the addition of KER or KER/GCC to CELL/PCL films resulted in an increment in melting temperature from 61.0 to 62.6 and 68.9 °C and an improvement in sample crystallinity by 2.2 and 3.0 times, respectively. The light transmittance of all studied samples was greater than 60%. The reported method for mulch film preparation is green and recyclable (BMIMCl can be recovered), and the inclusion of KER derived by extraction from waste chicken feathers enables conversion to organic biofertilizer. The findings of this study contribute to sustainable agriculture by providing nutrients that enhance the growth rate of plants, and hence food production, while reducing environmental pressure. The addition of GCC furthermore provides a source of Ca
for plant micronutrition and a supplementary control of soil pH.
Of major interest, especially in city environments, and increasingly inside vehicles or industrial plants, is the drive to reduce human exposure to nitrogen oxides (NO
x
). This trend has drawn ...increasing attention to filtration, which has developed remarkably owing to the capabilities of recently developed mathematical models and novel filter concepts. This paper reports on the study of the kinetic modelling of adsorption of nitrogen dioxide (NO
2
), collected from the tailpipe of a diesel engine, reacting to calcium nitrate salt (Ca(NO
3
)
2
) on a surface flow filter consisting of a coating of fine ground limestone or marble (CaCO
3
) in combination with micro-nanofibrillated cellulose (MNFC) acting as binder and humectant applied onto a multiply recycled newsprint substrate. The coating and substrate are both porous, but on different pore size scales, with the coating having significantly lower permeability. To maximise gas-coating contact, therefore, the coating deposition is pixelated, achieved by pin coating. An axially dispersed gaseous plug flow model (dispersion model) was used to simulate the transport within the coating pore network structure, following earlier flow modelling studies, and a kinetic reaction model was used to examine NO
2
to NO
3
−
conversion in correlation with experimental results. Modelling results indicate a 60.38% conversion of exposed NO
2
gas to Ca(NO
3
)
2
under the specific conditions applied, with an absolute relative error between the predicted and experimentally estimated value being 0.81%. The model additionally enabled a prediction of effects of changing parameters over a limited perturbation range, thus assisting in predicting filter element consumption, with attention given to the active component CaCO
3
surface as a function of particle size in relation to the gas contact exchange, promoting the reaction over time. It is intended that the Ca(NO
3
)
2
formed from the reaction can go on to be used as a value-added fertiliser, thus contributing to circular economy.
Graphical abstract
This patient presented with a 1‐year history of violaceous–brown, coalescing reticulated macules on his face, with no similar lesions in other body areas. Laboratory findings were normal and ...antinuclear antibody test was negative. Histopathological findings included lichenoid tissue reaction and prominent pigmentary incontinence.
Click here for the corresponding questions to this CME article.
The quality of cotton and cotton/elastane single jersey knitted fabrics before and after softening was evaluated through their mechanical properties, pilling, and volume electrical resistivity. ...Elastane-containing fabrics have higher bursting elongation and stiffness, lower bursting strength, the same or higher pilling grade, and 23-27% lower electrical resistivities compared to 100% cotton due to the increased compactness that enables better contact between the loops, and easier flow of charge through them. Softening does not affect or slightly improves the fabric pilling (up to 1000 cycles); it decreases fabrics' stiffness and increases their bursting strength and electrical resistivities. The last one was significantly decreased after the in situ synthesis of Cu-based nanoparticles on fabrics' surfaces. Namely, fabrics were first treated with sodium alginate whose carboxylate groups crosslinked Cu
2+
-ions (from CuSO
4
solution) that were further reduced with ascorbic acid. In situ synthesis of Cu-based nanoparticles (detected by FESEM) improves the fabrics' quality and enables obtaining multifunctional fabrics having 3.4-9.6 times lower resistivities, which are in line with the content of Cu after reduction (determined using ICP-OES), up to 2.5 times higher antioxidant activity and provided maximum microbial reduction for E. Coli, S. aureus, and C. albicans.
NOx is unavoidably emitted during combustion in air at high temperature and/or pressure, which, if exceeding recommended levels, has a negative impact on the population. The authors found that when ...moist, limestone (CaCO3) readily sorbs NO2 to form calcium nitrate, which provides the basis for developing a surface flow filter. The substrate was made from “over-recycled” cellulose fibres such as newsprint, magazines, or packaging fibre, which are too weak to be used in further recycling. The substrate was specially-coated with fine-ground calcium carbonate and micro-nano-fibrillated cellulose, which was used as a binder and essential humectant to avoid formation of a stagnant air layer. Pre-oxidation countered the action of denitrification bacteria colonising the cellulose substrate. The by-product CO2 produced in situ during carbonate to nitrate conversion was adsorbed by perlite, which is an inert high surface-area additive. After use, the nitrate-rich CaCO3-cellulose-based filter was proposed to be mulched into a run-off resistant soil fertiliser and micronutrient suitable, e.g., for renewable forestry within the circular economy. Belgrade, Serbia, which is a highly polluted city, was used as a laboratory test bed, and NO2 was successfully removed from an inlet of city air. A construct of street-side self-draughting or municipal/commercial transport vehicle-exterior motion-draught filter boxes is discussed.
Dasatinib (DAS) is a second‐generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor used in the treatment of Philadelphia chromosome‐positive chronic myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Nevertheless, ...this drug is hindered by poor gastrointestinal absorption and limited bioavailability, primarily attributable to its low aqueous solubility. To improve its properties, solid dispersions of DAS within a matrix of the hydrophilic polymer polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) are prepared by cogrinding in a vibrational ball mill at various drug‐to‐polymer ratios. The prepared solid dispersions are thoroughly characterized by several methods to verify the drug's amorphization and enhanced wettability as a result of successful mechanochemical activation. Fluidized bed melt granulation and traditional tableting are used to prepare tablets of 8 mm diameter with strictly defined aimed properties. Characterization of tablets includes testing their hardness, disintegration, and in vitro dissolution. The in vitro release profiles reveal a significant improvement in the release rate of DAS from tablets containing solid dispersion with the highest polymer ratio when compared with those containing untreated DAS or solid dispersions with a low polymer ratio. The results confirm the significant effect of the PVP ratio in solid dispersions on the surface characteristics and dissolution rate of DAS.
Tablets containing a solid dispersion of DAS:PVP 1:3 exhibit a significant increase in the release rate of DAS and its hydrophilicity. These findings emphasize the potential of using solid dispersions with PVP as a promising strategy to enhance the in vitro dissolution of poorly soluble drugs. This could ultimately lead to improved oral absorption and, consequently, enhance the drug's bioavailability.
Of major interest, especially in city environments, and increasingly inside vehicles or industrial plants, is the drive to reduce human exposure to nitrogen oxides (NO
). This trend has drawn ...increasing attention to filtration, which has developed remarkably owing to the capabilities of recently developed mathematical models and novel filter concepts. This paper reports on the study of the kinetic modelling of adsorption of nitrogen dioxide (NO
), collected from the tailpipe of a diesel engine, reacting to calcium nitrate salt (Ca(NO
)
) on a surface flow filter consisting of a coating of fine ground limestone or marble (CaCO
) in combination with micro-nanofibrillated cellulose (MNFC) acting as binder and humectant applied onto a multiply recycled newsprint substrate. The coating and substrate are both porous, but on different pore size scales, with the coating having significantly lower permeability. To maximise gas-coating contact, therefore, the coating deposition is pixelated, achieved by pin coating. An axially dispersed gaseous plug flow model (dispersion model) was used to simulate the transport within the coating pore network structure, following earlier flow modelling studies, and a kinetic reaction model was used to examine NO
to NO
conversion in correlation with experimental results. Modelling results indicate a 60.38% conversion of exposed NO
gas to Ca(NO
)
under the specific conditions applied, with an absolute relative error between the predicted and experimentally estimated value being 0.81%. The model additionally enabled a prediction of effects of changing parameters over a limited perturbation range, thus assisting in predicting filter element consumption, with attention given to the active component CaCO
surface as a function of particle size in relation to the gas contact exchange, promoting the reaction over time. It is intended that the Ca(NO
)
formed from the reaction can go on to be used as a value-added fertiliser, thus contributing to circular economy.
PDF
