Propolis is a natural product used for centuries by human kind, due to several evidenced biological activities: antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor and anti-HIV. Extracts from ...propolis, used in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, present quality and composition related to the extraction method applied. Natural compounds with biological activity can be obtained by conventional techniques, such as Soxhlet and Maceration, or by alternative methods such as supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Thus, the aim of this work was to compare propolis extraction yields obtained by different procedures, for instance, SFE in one stage, with CO
2 and CO
2 plus co-solvent, and SFE in two stages, as well as Soxhlet and Maceration as low pressure extraction methods using ethanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, n-hexane, water and mixtures of water/ethanol. The operational conditions for SFE in one stage with pure CO
2 were: 30, 40 and 50
°C and from 100 to 250
bar. The SFE with co-solvent was performed at 150
bar and 40
°C and ethanol concentrations of 2, 5 and 7% (w/w). The highest yield was obtained by chloroform Soxhlet extraction (73
±
2%, w/w) whereas for SFE the maximum yield was 24.8
±
0.9%, using 5% ethanol as co-solvent. For SFE in two stages, 100 and 150
bar were used in the first stage while 250 and 300
bar were applied in the second stage, at 40
°C. The yields were 8.4
±
0.7 (150
bar) and 5.1
±
0.7 (250
bar), for stages 1 and 2, respectively. The chemical composition of the propolis material was determined by HPLC analysis. The experimental data were correlated using four models based on differential mass balance equations: (1) the Sovová’s model; (2) the logistic model (3) the diffusion model and (4) the simple single plate model (SSP). The logistic model provided the best adjustment for propolis SFE curves.
•Water-extractable fraction of vermicomposts were tested in bell pepper and tomato.•The WEFV were also evaluated regarding Meloidogyne incognita suppression.•Trichoderma enriched WEFV shown similar ...efficacy to the vermicompost extract.•Bell pepper and tomato growth and yield increased with WEFV application.•Tolerance against Meloidogyne incognita was crucial to the crops’ development.
Root-knot nematodes (RKN) are important pathogens on greenhouse-cultivated vegetables worldwide. The use of chemical inputs to cope with biotic stress is both more expensive and non-labor friendly. Therefore, effective control of RKN under tropical conditions is limited, but novel management methods comprising the use of microorganisms and soluble organic matter consist in promising alternatives. In the present study, water-extractable fraction of vermicomposts (WEFV) enriched or not with Trichoderma strains were evaluated for their efficiency in stimulating the growth and yield of bell pepper and tomato as well as their ability in increasing the tolerance of plants against Meloidogyne incognita. Treatments tested were: water-extractable fraction of a conventional vermicomposting process (V); water-extractable fraction of vermicompost enriched with Trichoderma asperellum (V + TA); water-extractable fraction of vermicompost enriched with Trichoderma virens (V + TV). A control treatment (water only) was also conducted for comparison. Bell pepper and tomato seedlings were inoculated with 5000 eggs and eventual second‐stage juveniles (J2) of Meloidogyne incognita race 1 and treated weekly with 200 ml of each vermicompost extract. Bell pepper plants treated with V + TV increased by 13 %, 29 %, and 56 % shoot dry mass, shoot height and root mass when compared to the control, respectively. A 10-fold increase in yield for tomato plants was observed when V + TV was applied when compared to the control. Regarding biocontrol of RKN, treatment V was able to reduce the number of eggs J2 in 62 % on bell pepper and 46 % on tomato plants when compared to the control. Treatment V also decreased RKN reproduction factor in 35 % for bell pepper and in 22 % for tomato plants, when compared to the control. The use of WEFV constitutes a potentially useful alternative to manage RKN and sustain plant growth in vegetable production systems.
Sweetpotato is a staple crop in Brazil presenting a smaller number of pathogens and diseases in comparison with other root and tuberous crops. Root-knot nematodes are among the most serious ...sweetpotato root pathogens. The impact of these pathogens also extends to succeeding crops. Because in Brazil, it is common to cultivate more than one crop per season, this problem is rapidly disseminated. The aim of this study was to assess the resistance of two sweetpotato clones and four commercial sweetpotato genotypes to three different
species. Assays were performed under greenhouse and field conditions. 'CIP BRS Nuti' and 'Canadense' were resistant to
,
.
, and
.
under greenhouse conditions. This finding was obtained based on the reproduction factor < 0.2, meaning that the initial population of 5,000 nematodes was reduced to <1,000 individuals after 90 days of inoculation. Tomato and sweetpotato cultivar Beauregard, known to be susceptible to the three nematode species, were highly damaged by the pathogens. Similar results were also observed under field conditions. To our knowledge, 'CIP BRS Nuti' and 'Canadense' are the first South American commercial cultivars with triple nematode resistance.
RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi prospectar fontes de resistência ao nematoide-das-galhas Meloidogyne enterolobii em espécies silvestres de Solanum e híbridos com potencial para serem utilizados ...como porta-enxertos para solanáceas cultivadas. Vinte e três acessos de sete espécies de Solanum, bem como 35 híbridos de dois cruzamentos interespecíficos, foram caracterizados quanto à resistência a M. enterolobii. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação em Brasília-DF, Brasil, em delineamento de blocos inteiramente casualizados, com quatro repetições de uma planta por vaso inoculada com ovos do nematoide, avaliadas quanto às variáveis nematológicas: índice de massa de ovos, índice de galhas, número de ovos por grama de raiz e fator de reprodução. Todos os acessos de Solanum torvum, S. paludosum e S. paniculatum apresentaram alta resistência. No caso de S. crinitum, S. macrocarpon e S. sisymbriifolium, as reações foram variadas, com seis de sete, dois de cinco e um de três acessos resistentes, respectivamente. Vinte e três dos 24 híbridos interespecíficos entre S. stramonifolium var. inerme e S. stramonifolium, e cinco híbridos interespecíficos de S. stramonifolium e S. aethiopicum gr. gilo, entre onze, também foram resistentes. Esses resultados são de interesse prático para o controle do nematoide-das-galhas, uma vez que solanáceas cultivadas resistentes a M. enterolobii são de difícil obtenção por meio de melhoramento convencional. Por isso, a identificação de resistência em espécies de Solanum compatíveis com as espécies cultivadas pode ser importante para permitir o uso como porta-enxertos.
ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to prospect sources of resistance to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne enterolobii in wild Solanum species and hybrids to be used as potential rootstocks for cultivated Solanaceae. Twenty-three accessions of seven Solanum species, as well as 35 interspecific hybrids of two crosses, were characterized for their resistance to M. enterolobii. The experiments were conducted in a greenhouse in Brasília-DF, Brazil, in a completely randomized block design with four replications of one plant per pot. Plants were inoculated with egg masses and evaluated for the nematological variables egg mass index, galls index, number of eggs per root gram and reproduction factor. Solanum torvum, S. paludosum, and S. paniculatum presented high levels of resistance. Six among seven accessions of S. crinitum were resistant, as well as two accessions among five of S. macrocarpon, and one among three of S. sisymbriifolium. Except one, the 24 interspecific hybrids among S. stramonifolium var. inerme and S. stramonifolium, as well as five interspecific hybrids of S. stramonifolium and S. aethiopicum gr. gilo, among eleven were resistant. These results are relevant, since cultivated Solanaceae species of economic importance resistant to M. enterolobii are difficult to obtain by conventional breeding. Therefore, the identification of resistance in Solanum species compatible for grafting with cultivated species can be important to enable their use as rootstocks for disease control.
The objective of this work was to prospect sources of resistance to root-knot nematode Meloidogyne enterolobii in Solanum species with potential to be used as rootstocks for cultivated Solanaceae. ...Nine accessions of Solanum sessiliflorum, 27 accessions of S. lycocarpum, 21 accessions of S. acanthodes, 22 accessions of S. scinericum and 26 accessions of S. scuticum for resistance to M. enterolobii. Rutgers and Nemadoro tomatoes were used as susceptible and resistant controls, respectively. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at Embrapa Vegetables, Brasília-DF, Brazil, in a completely randomized design with six replications. The experimental unit was a represented by a single plant grown in a plastic pot containing 3 L of substrate. 4000 eggs and eventual juveniles of second stage M. enterolobii were inoculated per pot. At 119 days after inoculation, gall index (Gi), egg mass index (EMI), number of eggs per root gram (NE) and reproduction factor (Fr) were evaluated. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and grouping of treatments by Scott-Knott. It was verified that S. acanthodes and S. Lycocarpum are species with high resistance to M. enterolobii, with accessions being classified identified as immune. S. scuticum also has great potential, as several resistant accessions were identified, although some accessions were quite susceptible; whereas for S. subinerme only 4 resistant accessions were identified, although all others presented a reproduction factor much lower than tomato cv. Nemadoro as control; and all evaluated S. sessiliflorum accessions were susceptible.
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia de Alimentos
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A própolis é um produto natural utilizado durante séculos pela humanidade com objetivo medicinal. A própolis possui diversas atividades biológicas comprovadas, entre elas antioxidante, antimicrobiana, antiinflamatória, antitumoral e anti-HIV. Os extratos de própolis são utilizados nas indútrias alimentícia, farmacêutica e de cosméticos. Aspectos como qualidade e composição destes produtos estão relacionados com a técnica de extração empregada na obtenção dos extratos naturais. A extração de compostos com atividade biológica pode ser realizada através de técnicas convencionais como a extração soxhlet e a maceração com solvente, ou através de métodos alternativos como a extração supercrítica (ESC), utilizando dióxido de carbono (CO2) como solvente. Assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi comparar os extratos de própolis obtidos através de diferentes técnicas, como a extração soxhlet, maceração com solvente, ESC em estágio único utilizando CO2 puro ou CO2 com co-solvente e ESC em duas etapas seqüenciais. A comparação entre as técnicas foi realizada em termos de rendimento do processo, atividade antioxidante e antimicrobiana, conteúdo de fenólicos e perfil químico. As técnicas convencionais foram realizadas com os seguintes solventes: etanol absoluto, acetato de etila, clorofórmio, hexano, água destilada e misturas de água/etanol. O maior rendimento foi obtido através da extração soxhlet com clorofórmio (73 ± 2 %) e a melhor atividade antioxidante através da maceração com a mistura etanol/água 50 % (v/v). O co-solvente utilizado na ESC foi o etanol absoluto, o qual foi selecionado com base nos resultados de rendimento e atividade antioxidante obtidos para os extratos convencionais. As condições operacionais da ESC em etapa única com CO2 puro foram: temperaturas de 30, 40 e 50 °C e pressões variando de 100 a 250 bar. A ESC com co-solvente foi realizada a 150 bar, 40 °C e concentrações de etanol absoluto de 2, 5 e 7 % (m/m). Na ESC em duas etapas seqüenciais foram utilizadas pressões de 100 e 150 bar para a primeira etapa, 250 e 300 bar para a segunda etapa, na condição isotérmica de 40 °C. O maior rendimento para a ESC foi 24,8 0,9 % obtido com 5 % de etanol como co-solvente. Somente os extratos obtidos através de ESC nas pressões de 100 e 150 bar apresentaram atividade contra a Escherichia coli enquanto extratos convencionais foram suscetíveis a esta bactéria. Os extratos convencionais apresentaram os melhores resultados de rendimento, atividade antioxidante e conteúdo de fenólicos que os extratos obtidos através de ESC. Porém, a ESC resultou em extratos com melhor atividade antimicrobiana quando comparados aos extratos convencionais. Os modelos de transferência de massa disponíveis na literatura utilizados para descrever as curvas de ESC de própolis foram: Sovová (1994), Martínez et al. (2003), Crank (1975) apud Reverchon (1997) e Gaspar et al. (2003). O modelo Martínez et al. (2003) apresentou o melhor ajuste para as curvas de ESC da própolis.
Propolis is a natural product used during centuries by humanity with medical aim. Propolis possesses various proved biological activities, such as: antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiinflamatory, antitumor and anti-HIV. The extracts from propolis are used in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Aspects as quality and composition of these products are related to the extraction technique used for obtainment of natural extracts. Extraction of compounds with biological activity can be performed by conventional techniques, such as soxhlet extraction and solvent maceration, or by alternative methods like supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), using carbon dioxide (CO2) as solvent. Thus, the aim of this work was to compare propolis extracts obtained by different techniques, such as soxhlet extraction, solvent maceration, SFE in one stage using pure CO2 or CO2 with co-solvent and SFE in two sequential stages. The comparison between the techniques was performed in terms of process yield, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, phenolics content and chemical profile. Conventional techniques were performed with the following solvents: absolute ethanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, n-hexane, distillated water and mixtures of water/ethanol. The highest yield was obtained with chloroform soxhlet extraction (73 2) and the best antioxidant activity was achieved through maceration with ethanol/water 50 % (v/v). The co-solvent used in SFE was absolute ethanol, which was selected based in the yield and antioxidant activity obtained for conventional extracts. The operational conditions for SFE in one stage with pure CO2 were: temperatures of 30, 40 and 50 °C; and pressures from 100 to 250 bar. The SFE with co-solvent was performed at 150 bar, 40 °C and ethanol concentrations of 2, 5 and 7 % (w/w). For SFE in two sequential stages there were used pressures of 100 and 150 bar in the first stage, 250 and 300 bar in the second stage at isothermal condition of 40 °C. The highest yield for SFE was 24.8 0.9 %, obtained with ethanol at 5 % as co-solvent. Only the extracts obtained by SFE at 100 and 150 bar presented activity against Escherichia coli, while conventional extracts were susceptible at this bacterium. Conventional extracts showed better yield results, antioxidant activity and phenolics content than SFE extracts. However, SFE produced extracts with better antimicrobial activity when compared to conventional extracts. The mass transfer models available in the literature used to fit propolis SFE curves: Sovová (1994), Martínez et al. (2003), Crank (1975) apud Reverchon (1997) and Gaspar et al. (2003). The model of Martínez et al (2003) provided the best adjustment for propolis SFE curves.
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