Abstract We investigated the links between peritraumatic distress in children and in their parents following a potentially traumatic event, focusing specifically on the role that parents and family ...functioning can play in the development and maintenance of post-traumatic disorders in children. To this end, we examined a population of 41 children (aged 8 and above), and their parents, who had been admitted to the emergency room of a pediatric hospital due to an accident. The design included a two-step assessment: immediate reactions (in the hours following the event) and delayed reactions (5–8 weeks after the event). We used six questionnaires to assess reactions. The results indicated a statistically significant positive correlation between the intensity of the peri-traumatic distress of the parents and the level of post-traumatic symptoms observed later (5 to 8 weeks after the event) in the questionnaires administered to the children. Regarding educational practices, differences appear to be linked to maternal education practice and to the severity of child's symptomatology. Finally, a link has been established between changes within the family dynamic after a potentially traumatic event and the severity of child's posttraumatic symptoms. This study showed the extent to which the parents’ initial reactions can be decisive in the outcome for a child who has experienced a potentially traumatic event. The study highlights the importance of assessing parental responses as well as paying attention to the children when they arrive in a pediatric emergency room. The results are relevant for prevention and treatment of PTSD in children, as the integration of this parental dimension early on in the process may lead to improved identification of which young patients are at risk of developing post-traumatic symptomatology.
This study aimed to evaluate the impact of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) images on time performance and time estimation during a surgical motor task. A total of 60 subjects without ...any surgical experience (nurses) and 20 expert surgeons performed a fine surgical task with a new laparoscopic technology (da Vinci robotic system). The 80 subjects were divided into two groups, one using 3D view option and the other using 2D view option. We measured time performance and asked subjects to verbally estimate their time performance. Our results showed faster performance in 3D than in 2D view for novice subjects while the performance in 2D and 3D was similar in the expert group. We obtained a significant interaction between time performance and time evaluation: in 2D condition, all subjects accurately estimated their time performance while they overestimated it in the 3D condition. Our results emphasise the role of 3D in improving performance and the contradictory feeling about time evaluation in 2D and 3D. This finding is discussed in regard with the retrospective paradigm and suggests that 2D and 3D images are differently processed and memorised.
The study of answer contents to a Rorschach test leads to numerous debates and controversies. From a pragmatic point of view, the recurrent question is to understand the meaning of a content (or its ...repetition) in a protocol. From a discursive and perceptive point of view, it is hazardous to give an interpretation other than descriptive and contextual. Indeed, no single interpretative theory or analysis method is able to determine with certainty and rigor a strict correlation between people's psychological functioning and the contents they perceive.
In this empirical context, we studied the "anatomy" answers (frequencies and formal qualities) in a population of nurses (n=38) matched with a control group (non-medical subjects, n=38). The Rorschach test was administrated according to the recommendations of the Integrated System.
The average of An+Xy answers was clearly and significantly higher in the nurse population (3.58) than in the control group (0.89) and than in the three comparative norms that we selected (from 0.96 to 1.83). Concerning the formal quality, the repeated-measures analysis of variance showed a significant interaction effect: although subjects in the control group gave a similar number of ordinary, unusual and minus forms for An+Xy answers, the nurses gave more erroneous (minus) forms (1.79) than unusual forms (1.21) and finally than ordinary forms (0.58).
Two hypotheses may be suggested in order to explain our findings. On one hand, it is highly probable that our results are linked to the everyday body confrontation in a nurse's job. On the other hand, we suggest that by giving An+Xy answers, nurses tend to reveal some idiosyncratic characteristics in order to show their own identity. Indeed, our nurse subjects were selected because of their job, and so they complied with the social identity that was implicitly expected. This is congruent with the complex functioning in social reality: in a social group, people will not verbalize all of their perceptions; they will preferentially verbalize perceptions that define their social identity. Conversely, if some perceptions do not comply with the subject's identity, these perceptions will be less frequently verbalized, despite the fact that they were perceived. Concerning the second main finding, the inadequate formal quality of answers given by nurses emphasizes a visual misrepresentation conditioning due to one's job. This effect is interesting from a psychological point of view because it suggests that this tendency to perceive more anatomical contents arises to the detriment of the "reality". Finally, our findings allowed us to suggest the hypothesis of the role of identity in answer contents to a Rorschach test according to the context, and to formulate some recommendations about the content use in the Rorschach interpretation.
Cette étude a pour but d’investiguer l’impact de l’abus sexuel infantile sur le sentiment de compétence parentale et d’en proposer un modèle structural, en prenant en compte l’effet cumulatif des ...différents types de maltraitance.
Notre échantillon était composé de 1904 mères d’enfants âgés entre 3 et 8 ans. Il leur était demandé de remplir un formulaire en ligne comprenant une fiche sociodémographique, le Childhood Trauma Questionnaire–Short Form (CTQ-SF) et le Questionnaire d’Auto-Évaluation de la Compétence Éducative Parentale (QAECEP).
Nos résultats confirment le lien entre la maltraitance sexuelle et la maltraitance intrafamiliale. Ils suggèrent que le vécu d’abus sexuel infantile impacte le sentiment de compétence parentale des mères quand il se produit dans des situations d’abus multiples et sévères. En outre, nos analyses statistiques indiquent que le bien-être psychologique maternel et la présence de troubles chez l’enfant médient la relation entre le vécu infantile de la mère et son sentiment de compétence parentale.
Il semble que le sentiment de compétence parentale est altéré par un vécu d’abus sexuel lorsque celui-ci s’inscrit dans un vécu de traumatismes multiples entraînant des symptômes d’un trouble du stress post-traumatique complexe. Le bien-être psychologique de la mère et l’absence de troubles chez l’enfant démontrent un rôle protecteur sur le sentiment de compétence parentale des mères victimes de maltraitance infantile. Ces constats ont des implications concernant les interventions à proposer aux mères en difficultés parentales. Nos résultats suggèrent que prendre en compte le sentiment de compétence parentale et le vécu infantile des mères est essentiel pour pouvoir proposer des interventions adaptées.
Cette étude confirme l’importance d’intégrer le vécu infantile des mères dans les interventions de soutien à la parentalité, pour mieux comprendre leurs difficultés parentales et pour pouvoir intervenir sur leurs difficultés d’origine traumatique.
The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of childhood sexual abuse on the parental sense of competence and to propose a structural model, taking into account the cumulative effect of the different types of abuse.
The participants were 1904 mothers of children aged 3 to 8. They were asked to complete an online form that included a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire - Short Form (CTQ-SF), and the Questionnaire d’Auto-Évaluation de la Compétence Éducative Parentale (QAECEP).
Our results confirm the link between sexual abuse and intrafamilial abuse. They suggest that the experience of childhood sexual abuse impacts mothers' parental sense of competence when it occurs in situations of multiple and severe abuses. Furthermore, our statistical analyses indicate that maternal psychological well-being and the presence of child disorders mediate the association between the mother's childhood experience and her parental sense of competence.
It seems that the parental sense of competence is impacted by sexual abuse when it is part of multiple traumas leading to symptoms of complex post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychological well-being of the mother and the absence of disorders in the child demonstrates a protective role in the parental sense of competence of mothers with histories of childhood abuse. These findings have implications for interventions for mothers experiencing parenting difficulties. Our results suggest that taking into account the parental sense of competence and the childhood experiences is essential for providing appropriate interventions.
This study confirms the importance of integrating the mother's childhood experiences to better understand her parenting difficulties and to be able to intervene on her difficulties of traumatic origin.
Although error has been shown as the main cause of accidents in complex systems, little attention has been paid to error detection. However, reducing the consequences of error depends largely on ...error detection. The goal of this paper is to synthesize the existing scientific knowledge on error detection, mostly based on studies conducted in laboratory or self reporting and to further knowledge through the analysis of a corpus of cases collected in a complex system, anaesthesia. By doing this, this paper is better able to describe how this knowledge can be used to improve understanding of error detection modes. An anaesthesia accident reporting system developed and organized at two Belgian University Hospitals was used in order to collect information about the error detection patterns. Results show that detection of errors principally occurred through the standard check (routine monitoring of the environment). Significant relationships were found between the type of error and the error detection mode, and between the type of error and the training level of the anaesthetist who committed the error.
The aim of this study is to report 46 new cases of canine T-cell lymphomas among a series of 140 lymphomas studied by immunophenotyping (incidence 32.8%). According to the updated Kiel classification ...adapted to the canine species, 13 were classified as low-grade and 33 as high-grade lymphomas. Among the low-grade lymphomas, five were small clear-cell lymphomas, three were pleomorphic small-cell lymphomas, and five mycosis fungoides. Among the high-grade cases, there were 11 pleomorphic mixed-, small-, and largecell lymphomas, 6 pleomorphic large-cell lymphomas, 11 lymphoblastic lymphomas, and 5 unclassifiable highgrade plasmacytoid lymphomas. The cytohistologic features were highly suggestive of a T-cell phenotype on the basis of cell morphology (irregular nuclei and clear cytoplasms) (30/46 cases), a T-cell zone pattern, and the presence of hyperplastic postcapillary venules (22/46 cases). All 46 cases were CD3+ CD79a-, and among 34 cases investigated for CD4 and CD8 expression, 13 were CD4+CD8-, 13 were CD8+CD4-, and 8 were CD4CD8 double positive or double negative. The pleomorphic mixed lymphomas were mainly CD4+CD8- (6/7) and the lymphoblastic lymphomas were double positive or double negative (6/8). The main clinical, hematologic, and biochemical features were generalized (28/46) or regional lymphadenopathy (16/46), hepatosplenomegaly (15/46), extranodal involvement (11/46), mediastinal mass (9/46), and leukemia (8/46), which were mainly present in cases of lymphoblastic lymphomas and hypercalcemia (16/46).
Purpose of the study: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of 3D and 2D vision on performance of novice subjects using da Vinci robotic system.
Methods: 224 nurses without any surgical ...experience were divided into two groups and executed a motor task with the robotic system in 2D for one group and with the robotic system in 3D for the other group. Time to perform the task was recorded.
Results: Our data showed significant better time performance in 3D view (24.67 ± 11.2) than in 2D view (40.26 ± 17.49, P < 0.001).
Conclusions: Our findings emphasized the advantage of 3D vision over 2D view in performing surgical task, encouraging the development of efficient and less expensive 3D systems in order to improve the accuracy of surgical gesture, the resident training and the operating time.
Psychological trauma exists in children and has a real impact on their mental and physical health. There is mixed evidence that post-traumatic stress disorder can be influenced by a child's ...intellectual abilities. This study analysed whether resilience mediates the link between intellectual abilities and post-traumatic stress disorder in children.
Participants were children (N = 30) from 6 to 12 years of age. They completed a detailed history, took an intellectual quotient test, and answered questionnaires about their resilience and their post-traumatic stress symptoms.
Results showed that the higher the children's visual spatial skills, the more resilient they were. Then, our analyses indicated that the higher the children's verbal comprehension skills, the fewer the symptoms of psychotrauma they presented. Moreover, our results showed that cultural resilience mediates the relationship between children's verbal comprehension skills and their symptoms of psychotrauma.
Cultural resilience and verbal comprehension skills emerged as important protective factors. This study suggests that early prevention intervention may target children with lower cognitive abilities, and that social and cultural support should be considered ways of prevention for psychotrauma.
RésuméL’objectif de cet article est d’étudier les impacts des changements ainsi que les processus d’adaptation lors de l’introduction d’une nouvelle technologie en chirurgie, par l’analyse des ...communications recueillies en situation réelle. Pour cela, nous avons comparé les communications recueillies lors de l’utilisation de deux techniques différentes (laparoscopie classique et système robotique, étude 1) ainsi que les communications échangées lorsque les équipes sont composées de chirurgiens experts ou novices avec la nouvelle technologie (étude 2). Nos résultats montrent non seulement que le temps opératoire augmente et que le nombre de communications est plus élevé lors de l’introduction de la nouvelle technologie, mais nous mettons également en évidence l’existence de deux types de communications qui se distinguent selon l’expertise des acteurs : d’un côté, les communications qui traitent de la manipulation et de l’orientation spatiale, qui disparaissent avec l’expertise et qui mettent en évidence une stratégie d’adaptation à court terme et de l’autre, les ordres et les confirmations qui restent présents dans la pratique experte et qui témoignent d’un changement radical de structure de la tâche, induisant un mode de contrôle symbolique basé sur l’adressage verbal et augmentant le coût cognitif dans les situations de téléopération.
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