Recently, virtual reality seems to be deevloping rapidly. However, it can be said that virtual reality is in the early days of adoption for education. Studies show that using virtual reality in ...education can positively affect students' learning experiences. In this study, the effect of an educational virtual reality game, named "Keşfet Kurtul", on fourth-grade students' academic achievement in fractions and their engagement to mathematics was investigated. The experimental study was carried out using a quasi-experimental design. The educational VR game was used in the treatment group (N = 32). In the comparison group (N = 32), the method applied in school, which includes predominantly mobile applications developed in fractions, were used. As a result of the research; the educational VR game "Keşfet Kurtul" was found to increase academic achievement and to maintain the level of student engagement in mathematics. It was determined that the experimental method has the same effect as the method applied in school in the comparison group, in terms of academic achievement and student engagement to mathematics. Besides, in terms of social sub-dimension of student engagement, it was observed that Keşfet Kurtul was more effective than the method applied in school.
It is possible to define Computational Thinking briefly as having the knowledge, skill and attitudes necessary to be able to use the computers in the solution of the life problems for production ...purposes. In this study, a scale has been developed for the purpose of determining the levels of computational thinking skills (CTS) of the students. CTS is a five-point likert type scale and consists of 29 items that could be collected under five factors. The study group of this work consists of 726 students educated at the levels of associate degree and undergraduate degree with formal education in Amasya University for the first application. For the second application 580 students who were educated in pedagogical formation education via distance education in Amasya University. The validity and reliability of the scale have been studied by conducting exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, item distinctiveness analyses, internal consistency coefficients and constancy analyses. As a result of the conducted analyses, it has been concluded that the scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool that could measure the computational thinking skills of the students. In addition; the digital age individuals are expected to have the computational thinking skill, and at what degree they have these skills, the revelation of whether the levels they have are sufficient or not are a requirement. Within this frame, it could be said that the scale could make significant contributions to the literature.
•We aimed to develop computational thinking scale.•A 29 item computational thinking scale was composed.•Five factor were emerged for computational thinking scale.•Factors are termed Creativity, Cooperativity, Algoritmic- Critical Thinking and Problem Solving.•Reliability and validity of the scales are psychometrically good.
A field study was carried out from 1995 to 1997 in order to determine the effect of irrigation and water stress imposed at different development stages on vegetative growth, grain yield and other ...yield components of corn (
Zea mays L
.). The field trials were conducted on a silty loam Entisol soil, with Pioneer 3377 corn hybrid. A randomised complete block design with three replications was used. Four known growth stages of the plant were considered and a total of 16 (including rain fed) irrigation treatments were applied. The effect of irrigation or water stress at any stage of development on plant height, leaf area index, grain yield per hectare, as well number of ears per plant, grain yield per cob and 1000 kernels weight, were evaluated. Results of this 3-year study show that all vegetative and yield parameters were significantly affected by water shortage in the soil profile due to omitted irrigation during the sensitive tasselling and cob formation stages. Water stress occurring during vegetative and tasselling stages reduced plant height, as well as leaf area development. Short-duration water deficits during the rapid vegetative growth period caused 28–32% loss of final dry matter weight. Highest yields were observed in the fully irrigated control (VTCM) and the treatment which allowed water stress during the vegetative growth stage (TCM). Even a single irrigation omission during one of the sensitive growth stages, caused up to 40% grain yield losses during dry years such as 1996. Much greater losses of 66–93% could be expected as a result of prolonged water stress during tasselling and ear formation stages. Seasonal irrigation water amounts required for non-stressed production varied by year from 390 to 575
mm. Yield response factor (
k
y) values (unitless parameter) relating yield loss to water deficits) obtained for the first, second and third experimental years were determined to be 1.22, 1.36 and 0.81, respectively.
The purpose of this study was to examine a gamified mobile application’s effect on students’ achievement, and whether the player types of the students predicted their achievement scores. A ...“pretest-posttest control group design” research was conducted with 65 undergraduate students taking a compulsory online course. In the study, a gamified mobile app was developed by the researchers and then applied within an online History I course. The results of the study showed no significant difference between the achievement scores of the Experimental Group and Control Group students. However, multiple linear regression analysis results showed that the Experimental Group’s students’ achievement scores were significantly predicted by the player types they used and their mobile app performance. It is argued, therefore, that this result underlines the importance of player type in designing effective mobile gamification apps for the purpose of learning. Suggestions for further studies are also provided.
The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of LEGO-based educational applications on students' academic motivation, reflective thinking skill towards problem solving, spatial visualisation, ...and mental rotation comparatively. This study adopts a quasi-experimental research design with a control group. We recruited a total of twenty-six sixth graders from a private school. The data collection instruments were Reflective Thinking Skill Scale towards Problem Solving, Academic Motivation Scale, Spatial Visualisation Scale, and Mental Rotation Scale. The experimental process lasted for four weeks. LEGO-based teaching aids were employed in the experimental group, whereas Scratch-based educational applications were used in the control group. Based on the findings, there was an increase in the reflective thinking skill towards problem solving as well as mental rotation and spatial visualisation skills of the students in both groups. However, it has been found that the mean scores of reflective thinking skill towards problem solving and spatial visualisation skills of the experimental group students are higher than those of the control group. We conclude that LEGO-based educational applications have a more positive impact on the development of reflective thinking skill towards problem solving and spatial visualisation skill compared with Scratch-based educational applications. According to our findings, we discuss limitations and provide recommendations for researchers and practitioners.
The research into the treatment of domestic wastewaters originating from Büyükdöllük village in Edirne Province was carried out over a 3 year experimental period. The wastewaters of the settlement ...were treated using a constructed wetland with subsurface horizontal flow, and the effects of different hydraulic loading levels on removal efficiency were studied. In order to achieve this goal, three equal chambers (ponds) of 300 m2 each were constructed and planted with Phragmites australis. Each of the chambers was loaded with domestic wastewater with average flow discharge creating hydraulic loading rates of 0. m3 day−1 m−2; 0.075 m3 day−1 m−2 and 0.125 m3 day−1 m−2, respectively. According to the results of the study, the inlet levels of the pollutant parameters with carbon origin in the water samples taken from the system entrance are high and the average values for three years are respectively: Biological Oxygen Demand, BOD5 −324.5 mg L−1; Chemical Oxygen Demand, COD −484,0 mg L−1; suspended solids (TSS) −147.3 mg L−1 and Oil and Grease −0.123 mg L−1. It was also determined that the removal rates of the system were closely dependent on the applied hydraulic loading levels and the highest removal rates of 64.9%, 62.5%, 86.3% and 80.34% for BOD5, COD, TSS and Oil and Grease, respectively, were determined in the pond with a hydraulic loading rate of 0.050 m3 day−1 m−2. Lower removal of 57.9%, 55.5%, 81.4% and 74.5% for BOD5, COD, TSS and Oil and Grease were recorded in the pond with a hydraulic loading rate of 0.075 m3 day−1 m−2; and these values were 49.1%, 47.8%, 70.9% and 62.1% for the pond with a hydraulic loading rate of 0.125 m3 day−1 m−2. High removal rates were also recorded for the other investigated pollution parameters.
•A real scale constructed wetland facility with required hydraulic properties was projected and applied.•We evaluated pollutant removal rates under various HLR and retention times.•Relationships among HLR levels and remediation efficiency for any of the pollutants were found out.•We proposed a full scale constructed wetland model for small rural community domestic waste waters purification.
The purpose of this study is to investigate online pre-service teachers’ self-regulation in three types of online interaction and learner outcomes: perceived learning and satisfaction. The data were ...collected from 372 pre-service teachers enrolled in an online teacher training program. Descriptive statistics and path analysis were used to answer the proposed research questions. The results show that online pre-service teachers have perceptions of self-regulation in three types of online interaction and learner outcomes at a moderate level. Their perceptions do not vary depending on the demographics of age, gender, and employment status, except for perceived learning. Females perceived higher scores than males for perceived learning. The path analysis indicates the relationships among self-regulation in three types of online interaction and learner outcomes. As consistent with the prior research, the results imply that the improved self-regulation for interaction results in improved learner outcomes of perceived learning and satisfaction. However, the role of learner demographics is not generally significant in this research context.
The purpose of this study was to determine the motivational level of the participants in a language classroom towards course materials designed in accordance with augmented reality technology and to ...identify the correlation between academic achievement and motivational level. 130 undergraduate students from a state-run university in Turkey participated in this study and Turkish version of Material Motivational Survey was used to determine the undergraduate students' motivational level about the materials which were designed with AR technology to teach English words at the elementary level. The results of this study suggested that AR technology materials had positive impact on increasing undergraduate students' motivation towards vocabulary learning in language classroom. This study also signified that a positive significant correlation was found between academic achievement and the motivation in the use of AR technology in language classroom. The volume number (13) shown on the PDF is incorrect.
The study comprised the analyses of 105 soil samples, located across the Thrace region of Turkey, collected from the horizons and sub-horizons of 16 soil pedons, classified as the Haploxerert and ...Calcixerert Great Groups of the Vertisol Order. Fundamental soil hydraulic and irrigation management properties, such as water retention and infiltration rate of the soils were evaluatedd along with the content and type of the dominating clay mineral. Results obtained for the major properties related to irrigation management such as the total total water holding capacity (TWHC), total available moisture (TAM) and the final infiltration rate of the studied soils, showed close dependence on the varying clay contents and clay types, and varied in the ranges of 393 and 635 mm/100 cm; 128 and 244 mm/100 cm; and 1.0–80.0 mm/h, respectively. In addition, it was determined, that values of the studied hydraulic characteristics are influenced also by the relative abundance and crystallinity degree of the dominant and accompanying clay mineral; availability of cracks, hard pans, self-mulching (pedoturbation) and gilgai formation. The diversity of the morphological, physical and/or chemical properties revealed that the studied soils required distinctive approaches and techniques in terms of irrigation management. The Türkgeldi Vertisol (Türkgeldi State Farm D11 and D12 locations) is an appropriate example for decreased pedoturbation and/or maturation in physical pedogenesis and in turn development of a stable soil structure, despite the high clay size particle and ssmectite contents throughout the profile.
•Hydraulic properties of soils are closely related to the amount and type of clay.•Hard pans, cracks, self-mulching and gilgai influence water retention in soil•Distinctive irrigation approaches are required for various Vertisols.•Hints promoting irrigation management for soils of various clay content are provided.
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