Introduction
Cognitive impairment is a debilitating manifestation in Parkinson’s disease (PD). We sought to investigate predictors of PD-CI (PD with cognitive impairment).
Methods
We systematically ...searched PubMed and Cochrane Library for prospective cohort studies and pooled estimates via random-effects models. Primary analyses for all types of cognitive impairments and subgroup analyses by separate outcomes were conducted.
Results
A total of 28,009 studies were identified, of which 57 studies with 31 factors were included in the meta-analysis. In the primary analysis, 13 factors were associated with PD-CI, comprising advanced age relative risk (RR) = 1.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.03–1.12, age at onset (RR = 4.43, 95% CI = 1.87–10.54), postural-instability-gait disorder (RR = 3.76, 95% CI = 1.36–10.40), higher Hoehn and Yahr stage (RR = 1.83, 95% CI = 1.35–2.47), higher UPDRS III score (RR = 1.04, 95% CI = 1.01–1.08), rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RR = 3.72, 95% CI = 1.20–11.54), hallucinations (RR = 3.09, 95% CI = 1.61–5.93), orthostatic hypotension (RR = 2.98, 95% CI = 1.41–6.28), anxiety (RR = 2.59, 95% CI = 1.18–5.68),
APOE
ε2 (RR = 6.47, 95% CI = 1.29–32.53),
APOE
ε4 (RR = 3.04, 95% CI = 1.88–4.91), electroencephalogram theta power > median (RR = 2.93, 95% CI = 1.61–5.33), and alpha power < median (RR = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.07–2.92). In the subgroup analysis,
MAPT
H1/H1 genotype increased the risk of dementia in PD. Sixty-four studies were included in the systematic review, of which 12 factors were additionally correlated with PD-CI using single studies.
Conclusions
Advanced age, genetic variation in
APOE
and
MAPT
, gait disturbance, motor assessments, non-motor symptoms, and electroencephalogram may be promising predictors for PD-CI.
Early-life environment is related to childhood brain development and cognitive function in later life. However, the associations of early-life risk factors with dementia and cognitive impairment were ...still controversial.
Our study aims to investigate early-life risk factors for dementia and cognitive impairment.
PubMed and Cochrane Library were searched to identify prospective cohort and retrospective case-control studies exploring early-life factors for dementia and cognitive impairment. Pooled effect estimates for each factor were calculated by random-effect model.
Thirty-seven studies with 46,727 participants were included. The pooled results indicated significant associations of dementia with food deficiency (OR = 2.05, 95% CI = 1. 22-3.44), low education level (RR = 1.80, 95% CI = 1.60-2.02), and shorter leg length (OR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.07-1.32). Other potential risk factors identified in the systematic review include rural residence, number of siblings, history of head trauma, early parental death or re-marriage, and poor learning ability.
Early-life factors, including education level, leg length, history of childhood head trauma, family-related factors and learning ability, were associated with the risk of dementia and cognitive impairment in later life. Further high-quality longitudinal studies are needed to verify the causality between early-life risk factors and dementia and cognitive impairment.
Age-related hearing loss (ARHL) has been considered as a promising modifiable risk factor for cognitive impairment and dementia. Nonetheless, it is still unclear whether age-related hearing loss ...associates with neurodegenerative biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Participants with ARHL were selected from the established Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database. In multivariable models, the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of ARHL with CSF β-amyloid (Aβ) and tau measurements, brain Aβ load, and cortical structural measures were explored. ARHL was associated with higher CSF levels of tau (p < 0.001) or ptau181 (p < 0.05) at baseline as well as faster elevation rates of these two types of biomarkers (p < 0.05). Although the baseline volume/thickness of hippocampus (p < 0.05) and entorhinal cortex (p < 0.0005) were higher in individuals with ARHL, these two regions (p < 0.01 for hippocampus, p < 0.05 for entorhinal cortex) displayed significantly accelerated atrophy in individuals with ARHL. No association of ARHL with CSF or brain Aβ levels was found. Subgroup analyses indicated that the above effects of ARHL were more significant in non-demented stage. Age-related hearing loss was associated with elevated cerebrospinal fluid tau levels and atrophy of entorhinal cortex.
•Less-fermented tea was more susceptible to brewing water with high pH/TDS.•Dark tea was not significantly influenced by brewing water.•Catechins are the key components of tea influenced by the ...brewing water.•Antioxidant activities of the six types of tea: GT > YT > WT = OT > BT > DT.•Green tea infusions brewed with high pH/TDS water were easily oxidized.
The effects of brewing water on the sensory attributes and physicochemical properties of tea infusions made from Chinese teas were investigated. The tea infusions brewed in water with higher pH and total dissolved solids (TDS), generally had a darker color and lower overall sensory acceptability. Moreover, those infusions had less catechins, particularly galloylated-catechins, and lower antioxidant capacity. The teas with less fermentation contained more galloylated-catechins and had higher antioxidant capacity, but were much more susceptible to high mineral brewing water. Green tea was proved to be the most susceptible one, whereas dark tea the most stable one. Green tea infusions prepared with higher pH/TDS water were more rapidly oxidized, resulting in a darker color due to polymerization of catechins, when exposed to the air. These findings suggested that low mineral brewing water was better for Chinese tea, both from the sensory and health benefit perspectives.
•Roasting decreases bitterness, astringency but increases sweet aftertaste.•Roasting degrades flavonoids glycosides and procyanidins.•L-theanine-flavna-3-ols adducts are highly increased after ...roasting.•Roasting decreases the diversity and intensity of volatile compounds.•Pyrazines, pyrroles and furans highly increase after high temperature roasting.
Roasting, a critical process for oolong tea, has been applied to Tieguanyin tea to improve flavor attributes. To investigate the effects of the roasting on the flavor of Tieguanyin, the global metabolomics analysis on the non-volatile and volatile components were proceeded. The weakening of bitterness and astringency, caused by roasting, may be attributed to the decreasing of flavonoids glycosides and procyanidins, whereas the enhancing of sweet aftertaste to the increasing of gallic acid. Besides, l-theanine flavan-3-ols adducts (N-ehtyl-2-pyrrolidinone substituted flavan-3-ols) increased dramatically at 130 °C compared with 105 °C, with the reduction of l-theanine and flavan-3-ols. Meanwhile, high temperature hampered the volatiles’ diversity and intensity, resulting from the lowering of floral volatiles, i.e., β-ionone, jasmine, and nerolidol, yet the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds increased, e.g., pyrroles and pyrazines. The results can help to comprehensively understand the influences of roasting technology on the flavor and chemistry of oolong tea.
Combining radiosensitizers with ionizing radiation (IR) is an effective strategy to increase the radiation therapeutic effect for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. A phenanthroline derivative, ...2-phenyl-imidazo 4, 5 f 1, 10 phenanthroline (L02), had been synthesized. This study investigated the radiosensitization and mechanisms of L02 combined with IR against HCC. The radiosensitization of L02 combined with IR was evaluated by the sensitivity enhancement ratio (SER) and the isobolographic analysis. The toxicity of L02 and cisplatin were compared by the zebrafish model. The cell cycle and apoptosis were examined by flow cytometry. DNA damage was measured by comet assay and the expressions of apoptosis related proteins were analyzed by western blotting. L02 was effective in sensitizing HCC to IR. The SERs in HepG2 and BEL7402 were 1.41 and 1.28, respectively. The sensitization of L02 was comparable with cisplatin. L02 treatment with IR had synergistic anti-tumor effect. L02 enhanced the percentage of IR induced apoptosis cells. L02 increased comet tail in comet assay when combined with IR. L02 sensitized HCC to IR by the activation of P53 signaling, the decrease in Bcl-2, up-regulation of cytochrome c and the subsequent activation of caspase-3. L02 sensitizes HCC to IR, mostly likely by inhibiting cell proliferation, inducing DNA damage and mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. L02 may be a novel radiosensitizer for HCC.
Multiple primary malignant tumors (MPMTs) refer to two or more primary malignant neoplasms that simultaneously or successively occur in one or more organs in the same individual. Cervical sarcoma ...concomitant with endometrial carcinoma is rare. A 46-year-old woman was admitted because of increased menstrual volume for 4 years and irregular vaginal bleeding with discharge for 6 months. The diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma at stage II was made on the basis of results of ultrasound, pelvic magnetic resonance imaging, and hysteroscopic curettage. Extensive total abdominal hysterectomy + bilateral adnexectomy + bilateral ovarian arteriovenous high ligation + pelvic adhesion separation + pelvic lymphadenectomy +abdominal aortic lymphadenectomy via the abdomen were performed. Postoperative diagnosis of cervical sarcomas with endometrial carcinoma in stage IIIC1 was made according to the results of pathology and immunohistochemistry. Six cycles of cisplatin-epirubicin-isocyclophosphamide treatment were provided after the operation. Most clinical manifestations of cervical sarcomas are abnormal vaginal bleeding. Use of preoperative imaging and hysteroscopy is difficult for diagnosing cervical sarcomas, and postoperative pathological examinations and immunohistochemical diagnosis are mainly used instead. The possibility of MPMTs should be considered for endometrial carcinoma, especially if the cervical lesion is larger than that of the uterine cavity.
Herein, a series of imidazo4,5-
1,10 phenanthroline derivatives RPIP (PIP = imidazo 4,5-
1,10 phenanthroline, R = NO₂,
; CF₃,
; Cl,
; OH,
) have been synthesized in yields of 82.3-94.7% at 100 °C ...under the irradiation of microwave. MTT assay has been utilized to evaluate the inhibitory activity (IC
) of these compounds against the growth of various tumor cells, and the results revealed that these compounds, especially
, exhibited excellent inhibitory activity against the growth of A549 cells with IC
of 15.03 μM. Moreover, it's also confirmed that
can penetrate into the membrane of tumor cells and distribute in mitochondria when observed under microscopy, resulting apoptosis of tumor cells. The further studies showed that
can bind to
G-quadruplex DNA, which demonstrated by the increase of melting point of
G4 DNA in the presence of
, as well as electronic titration and emission spectra. In a word, this kind of compound may develop as a potential apoptosis inducer in cancer chemotherapy via binding and stabilizing to the
G-quadruplex DNA.
Tieguanyin is one of the most consumed oolong teas because of its distinctive flavor. The brewing process is crucial for the flavor performance of traditional teas, thus the effects of brewing ...conditions, including water/tea ratio (R), brewing temperature (T), and time (S) on the sensory traits, chemical composition, and antioxidant activity of Tieguanyin tea infusion were investigated using quadratic orthogonal regression design. Results showed that R affected all the quality variables most, its reduction could lead to the promotion of tea infusion concentration, antioxidant activity, and taste intensity, which was favored by the tea consumers drinking tea almost daily (DTD) but unacceptable for those drinking tea hardly (DTH). Based on the optimization of brewing conditions in response surface methodology (RSM), we recommended several brewing schemes for diverse consume goals: R = 34 mL/g, T = 80 °C, S = 80 s for DTH; R = 39 mL/g, T = 100 °C, S = 127 s for DTO (the consumers drinking tea occasionally); R = 20 mL/g, T = 100 °C, S = 100 s for DTD; R = 26 mL/g, T = 100 °C and S = 127 s for the common consumers seeking for flavor and health benefits. These results would be helpful for tea consumers with multiple demands.
PDF
