Housing satisfaction is one of the indicators of the quality of life. It affects all aspects of life dimensions, from physical, economic, social and psychological well-being. Because of its ...complexity, housing is considered an interdisciplinary research area. Different professions apply different approaches, concepts, models and measures in exploring housing satisfaction. For housing research to be comprehensive, it is necessary to formulate a theoretical framework first. In a large number of scientific papers, researches and projects, housing theories are often partially explained. For this reason, and based on a review of the latest literature, this paper provides a synthesis and overview of the following theories of housing quality satisfaction: the theory of housing satisfaction on which the model of housing satisfaction is based, starts with subjective perceptions, the theory of housing adjustment as the most frequently cited theory in the study of housing quality satisfaction; the housing mobility theory, which places particular emphasis on the housing environment as an important predictor of housing quality satisfaction; the theory on impression formation which is used in examining impressions of the physical aspects of the housing environment and the physical structure of buildings / houses; behavioural theory as the most commonly used theory in geographic study of housing satisfaction; the theory of the hedonistic ergometer as the most well-known theory of affective experiences; the theory of the aspiration spiral that anticipates adaptation effects; the housing price theory that combines housing satisfaction with costs; a functionalist theory that is oriented towards social harmony; the Marxist theory that every living being has the right to adequate housing regardless of economic status and the positivist housing theory which gives precedence to the objective approach. The purpose of this overview is to eatsblish a more comprehensive image in the study of housing satisfaction at all spatial levels (from micro to macro). The concept of housing satisfaction and a critical review of the aforementioned theories, as well as their advantages and disadvantages, are explained and presented in this paper.
Zadovoljstvo stanovanjem jedan je od pokazatelja kvalitete života koji utječe na sve aspekte životnih dimenzija, od fizičkih, ekonomskih, socijalnih do psiholoških. Zbog svoje kompleksnosti, ...stanovanje se smatra interdisciplinarnim područjem istraživanja, pa različite struke koriste različite pristupe, koncepte, modele i mjere. Da bi neko istraživanje o stanovanju moglo biti sveobuhvatno, nužno je dati teorijski okvir u njegovom proučavanju. U velikom broju znanstvenih radova, istraživanja i projekata, teorije stanovanja često su nepotpuno objašnjene. Na temelju proučene recentne literature ovaj rad donosi pregled i sintezu najčešće korištenih teorija o zadovoljstvu stanovanja na jednom mjestu. To su teorija stambenog zadovoljstva na kojoj počiva model zadovoljstva stanovanjem, a polazi od subjektivnih percepcija; teorija stambene prilagodbe kao najcitiranija teorija u istraživanjima zadovoljstva stanovanjem; teorija stambene pokretljivosti koja poseban naglasak stavlja na stambeno okruženje kao važnog prediktora zadovoljstva stanovanjem; teorija formiranja impresija koja se upotrebljava pri ispitivanjima dojmova o fizičkim aspektima stambenog okoliša i fizičkoj strukturi zgrade/kuće; bihevioralna teorija kao najčešće korištena teorija u geografskom ispitivanju zadovoljstva stanovanjem; teorija hedonističkog ergometra kao najpoznatija teorija afektivnih iskustava; teorija aspiracijske spirale koja predviđa adaptacijske efekte; teorija troškova stanovanja koja zadovoljstvo stanovanjem povezuje s troškovima; funkcionalistička teorija koja je usmjerena ka društvenoj harmoniji; marksistička teorija prema kojoj svako biće ima pravo na adekvatno stanovanje neovisno o ekonomskom statusu i pozitivistička teorija stanovanja koja prednost daje objektivnom pristupu. Cilj pregleda navedenih teorija je njihovo sveobuhvatnije korištenje u istraživanjima zadovoljstva stanovanjem od mikro do makro razine. U radu je objašnjen koncept zadovoljstva stanovanjem i kritički osvrt za navedene teorije te su objašnjene njihove prednosti i nedostaci u istraživanjima zadovoljstva stanovanjem.
Planning problems have been with us ever since human beings realized that
their wellbeing is very closely linked to the quality of their settlements
and the environment. Over the last century this ...has led to the worldwide
emergence of built environment education in general, and planning in
particular. In many African universities planning education is a rapidly
growing phenomenon reaching its maturity in terms of structure and number of
programs. This development has been most significant in those countries that
underwent rapid urbanization and environmental changes similar to those
occurring in Botswana. The first Urban and Regional Planning Programme at the
University of Botswana was established in 1993 as part of the Department of
Environmental Science at the Faculty of Science. The continued growth and
expansion of the planning profession world-wide as well as in Botswana, and
its interdisciplinary ties with allied built-environment disciplines, have
reached the point at which the University of Botswana is ready to continue
with a new internationally recognized planning school. There is a belief that
a combined (spatial and specialist) accredited planning programme should
support local and regional interests, focusing on the Southern African
Region, while acknowledging global standards and innovation in teaching,
research, and technology.
nema
This article evaluates the effectiveness of the Integrated Poverty
Alleviation and Housing Scheme (IPAHS) in Ramotswa; an urban village located
32 km south-east of the capital city of Botswana, ...Gaborone. This study
emanates from the fact that low income urban and rural residents with no
formal employment were left out of the Self Help Housing Scheme (SHHA). The
SHHA was mandated to facilitate the acquisition of subsidised land and loan
to purchase building materials. One of the major conditions to qualify for
SHHA is that applicants should have formal employment.; the IPAHS was
specifically introduced to facilitate economic empowerment to poor
households who do not qualify under the SHHA scheme. The IPAHS scheme is a
twothronged approach mandated to equip the residents with skills to
build/improve houses for themselves and create employment for themselves
through molding of bricks for sale in an effort to alleviate poverty. This
paper is based on documentary and field research. The field research has a
participatory component involving discussion and open ended interviews with
relevant government departments. It also involves the administration of
structured questionnaire survey to 30 beneficiaries of the scheme. Results
show that despite high uptake of the scheme within the country, there are
several challenges such as insufficient income to build or improve their
houses, signs of poverty in living environments of beneficiaries,
uncoordinated roles of various institutions which are major stakeholders in
the implementation of the scheme. The scheme requires pragmatic policies
geared to meet the needs and aspirations of the poor. There is a need for
policy interventions through Government commitment to principles such as the
right to housing by every citizen, coordination of roles played by different
stakeholders to support the sustainability of the scheme.
nema
Effort to incorporate sustainability aspects into the spatial planning agenda requires new relationships between conventional and new players in today's post-socialist world. Some stakeholders ...engaged in development, management and governance are sometimes tailoring the destiny of regional and urban systems in Croatia without sustainability concerns. Their activities show the lack of awareness and negative attitude towards sustainable planning practices where the major goal is to improve the quality of life of current and future generations. Without sound ideas about carrying capacities and sustainability, some of these actors have ignored the planning knowledge and expertise (CAVRIĆ, NEDOVIĆ – BUDIĆ, 2007). Planners advise upon them with their professional skill and knowledge but the driving force is still political power. These proponents have managed to safeguard their own spatial and land interests on the expense of the public and ordinary citizens, by maintaining the system of "copy-paste" planning blue prints, suitable for supporting emerging urban sprawl and uncontrolled construction activities. Unfortunately, due to the long-term social ignorance and strong alliance of developer's lobbies, architects and constructors, various international planning ideas with "sustainability in mind" have not affected Croatian planning theory and practice, yet. Some of them are petrified, misinterpreted or simply abolished owing to obstinate legislation, the non-existence of formal planning education, and the privileged position of only one brand of chartered planners (e.g. architects) . Alternative development solutions, such as public participation, behavioral, organizational and technological advances, diversity of implementing instruments in the planner's "toolkit", and the planner's numerous tasks in guiding sustainable change, are still to be recognized in this EU accession country.Notwithstanding, this paper aims to summaries sustainability and its derivates as the new paradigms, in which the guiding leitmotif of the new global agenda for planning is spelled out by the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (2001b) as follows: "The new planning is less coded and technical, more innovative and entrepreneurial. It is more participatory and concerned with projects rather than whole spatial systems. Planning expertise is increasingly sought not only by the state, but also by the corporate sector and civil society. What is controversial is not planning per se, but its goal: whether it should be directed chiefly at efficiency, reinforcing the current distribution of wealth and power, or whether it should play a distributive role to help create minimum standards of urban liveability" (Hague, 2001).
Effort to incorporate sustainability aspects into the spatial planning agenda requires new relationships between conventional and new players in today's post-socialist world. Some stakeholders ...engaged in development, management and governance are sometimes tailoring the destiny of regional and urban systems in Croatia without sustainability concerns. Their activities show the lack of awareness and negative attitude towards sustainable planning practices where the major goal is to improve the quality of life of current and future generations. Without sound ideas about carrying capacities and sustainability, some of these actors have ignored the planning knowledge and expertise (CAVRIĆ, NEDOVIĆ – BUDIĆ, 2007). Planners advise upon them with their professional skill and knowledge but the driving force is still political power. These proponents have managed to safeguard their own spatial and land interests on the expense of the public and ordinary citizens, by maintaining the system of "copy-paste" planning blue prints, suitable for supporting emerging urban sprawl and uncontrolled construction activities. Unfortunately, due to the long-term social ignorance and strong alliance of developer's lobbies, architects and constructors, various international planning ideas with "sustainability in mind" have not affected Croatian planning theory and practice, yet. Some of them are petrified, misinterpreted or simply abolished owing to obstinate legislation, the non-existence of formal planning education, and the privileged position of only one brand of chartered planners (e.g. architects) . Alternative development solutions, such as public participation, behavioral, organizational and technological advances, diversity of implementing instruments in the planner's "toolkit", and the planner's numerous tasks in guiding sustainable change, are still to be recognized in this EU accession country. Notwithstanding, this paper aims to summaries sustainability and its derivates as the new paradigms, in which the guiding leitmotif of the new global agenda for planning is spelled out by the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (2001b) as follows: "The new planning is less coded and technical, more innovative and entrepreneurial. It is more participatory and concerned with projects rather than whole spatial systems. Planning expertise is increasingly sought not only by the state, but also by the corporate sector and civil society. What is controversial is not planning per se, but its goal: whether it should be directed chiefly at efficiency, reinforcing the current distribution of wealth and power, or whether it should play a distributive role to help create minimum standards of urban liveability" (Hague, 2001).
With increasing internationalization of urban planning throughout the twentieth century and in the past several decades in particular, planning ideas and practices have been exported from a few, and ...imported in many countries. However, this 'trade' happens without clear expectations about the ensuing dynamics between the internal context and external influences. This paper attempts to enhance understanding of how planning systems evolve and which factors affect them. The conceptual frameworks and typologies used to characterize planning systems and their determinants are reviewed. Building on previous work, an integrated framework is proposed that captures the process, factors and outcomes of urban planning systems. The history of planning in Serbia and Montenegro is used to illustrate how a planning system evolves under changing circumstances and influences and to demonstrate the complexity of such process. The case study is not intended to provide a detailed historical account of the country's planning trajectory, but to highlight the applicability of elements of the framework in a real setting. In particular, the focus is on conditions of imposition versus voluntary adoption of planning ideas as a way of examining the interaction between the local context and imported models, as well as the implications of such interaction. The article concludes with several pointers about the necessary research on the nature of planning exports and imports and their effects on the resultant urban systems, processes, environments and quality of life.
In this study, Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation and the least cost path analysis were applied to find the optimal by-pass road alignment in the Tlokweng Planning Area in Botswana. One-At-a-Time ...sensitivity analysis and the statistical test for zero proportion were used to investigate the robustness of the entire model. Four alternative by-pass roads were produced stressing economic, environmental, and social suitability as well as trade-offs between the groups. The results showed that the social alternative performs best. Sensitivity analysis and statistical test for zero proportion revealed four criteria as sensitive.
The vulnerability of individuals and communities to climate change impacts is not simply determined by the location of their settlements, but also by how those settlements are serviced, how effective ...and capable their local governments are and to what extent communities are able to cope with climate change impacts. It is widely accepted that the poorest communities are the most vulnerable, because they lack access even to the most basic urban services placing them at a comparative disadvantage and challenging their capabilities to take on additional stresses caused by climate change. Such complex vulnerabilities require comprehensive responses that link climate change adaptation and mitigation efforts to the sustainable development of these communities enhancing their adaptive capacity.
It is not sufficient to concentrate on either mitigation or adaptation, but a combination of these results in the most sustainable outcomes. Yet, these two strategies do not always complement each other, but can be counterproductive. A similar argument can be made for linking climate change adaptation with sustainable development. In order to avoid these conflicts, priorities need to be set.
This calls for a methodology and comparison tool to assess the most cost-effective and appropriate strategies for each community. Strategies need to be evaluated in terms of their negative consequences and priority given to those that minimize these. This article includes case studies of successful adaptation and mitigation strategies suggesting that these successes be translated into local contexts and communalized with the involvement of local authorities using participatory approaches. Successful outcomes integrate different adaptation and mitigation strategies with the overall development goals of the community through local government leadership, comprehensive planning and prioritization.
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