An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary protein levels on growth performance, feed utilization, and energy retention of juvenile dotted gizzard shad
based on the ...variation of fish meal. Fish meal was used as the sole protein source; five semi-purified diets were formulated with varying crude protein (CP) levels of 22.52%, 28.69%, 34.85%, 38.84%, 45.78% (CP1-CP5 diets). A total of 300 uniform juveniles with initial body weight 3.61 ± 0.20 g fish
were randomly divided into five groups with three replicates in each group. The results showed that different CP levels did not significantly affect the survival of juvenile
(
> 0.05). The values of weight gain (WG) and specific growth ratio (SGR) showed a general enhancing trend and then weakened with increasing dietary CP levels (
> 0.05). Feed utilization also improved with increasing dietary CP levels (
> 0.05), and the optimal feed conversion ratio (FCR) value was found in fish fed the diet with CP3 (
> 0.05). The rise of dietary CP from 22.52% to 45.78% enhanced the daily feed intake (DFI) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) values of
(
< 0.05). With the increase of dietary CP levels, daily nitrogen intake (DNI), energy retention (ER), and lipid retention (LR) elevated, while retention (NR), daily energy intake (DEI), and daily lipid intake (DLI) reduced (
< 0.05). No statistical differences in the content of water, crude protein, and crude lipid were observed among different treatments (
> 0.05). The activity of lipase in CP3 and CP4 diets was significantly higher than that of the CP1 diet (
< 0.05). Fish fed CP2 and CP3 diets had significantly higher amylase activity than that of the CP5 diet (
< 0.05). The levels of alanine aminotransferase (GPT) first enhanced and then decreased as dietary CP levels raised. The second-order polynomial regression model analysis of the WG and FCR indicated that the optimal dietary protein level for
is about 31.75-33.82% based on the variation of fish meal.
Aberrant tryptophan (Trp)-kynurenine (Kyn) metabolism has been implicated in the pathogenesis of human disease. In particular, populations with long-term western-style diets are characterized by an ...excess of Kyn in the plasma. Host-gut microbiota interactions are dominated by diet and are essential for maintaining host metabolic homeostasis. However, the role of western diet-disturbed gut microbiota-colonocyte interactions in Trp metabolism remains to be elucidated.
Here, 4-week-old mice were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD), representing a typical western diet, for 4 weeks, and multi-omics approaches were adopted to determine the mechanism by which HFD disrupted gut microbiota-colonocyte interplay causing serum Trp-Kyn metabolism dysfunction. Our results showed that colonocyte-microbiota interactions dominated the peripheral Kyn pathway in HFD mice. Mechanistically, persistent HFD-impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics increased colonic epithelial oxygenation and caused metabolic reprogramming in colonites to support the expansion of Proteobacteria in the colon lumen. Phylum Proteobacteria-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated colonic immune responses to upregulate the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1)-mediated Kyn pathway, leading to Trp depletion and Kyn accumulation in the circulation, which was further confirmed by transplantation of Escherichia coli (E.coli) indicator strains and colonic IDO1 depletion. Butyrate supplementation promoted mitochondrial functions in colonocytes to remodel the gut microbiota in HFD mice, consequently ameliorating serum Kyn accumulation.
Our results highlighted that HFD disrupted the peripheral Kyn pathway in a gut microbiota-dependent manner and that the continuous homeostasis of gut bacteria-colonocytes interplay played a central role in the regulation of host peripheral Trp metabolism. Meanwhile, this study provided new insights into therapies against western diet-related metabolic disorders. Video Abstract.
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic demyelinating disease of uncertain etiology. Traditional treatment methods produce more adverse effects. Epidemiological and clinical treatment findings showed that ...unknown environmental factors contribute to the etiology of MS and that diet is a commonly assumed factor. Despite the huge interest in diet expressed by people with MS and the potential role diet plays in MS, very little data is available on the role of diet in MS pathogenesis and MS course, in particular, studies on fats and MS. The oil of
is potential as a resource to be exploited in the treatment of some neurodegenerative diseases.
Here, we investigated the underlying influences of
oil on the stimulation of remyelination in a cuprizone mouse model of demyelination.
Cuprizone (0.2% in chow) was used to establish a mouse model of demyelination.
oil was administrated to mice during remyelination. Following techniques were used: behavioral test, histochemistry, fluorescent immunohistochemistry, transmission electron microscope.
Mice exposed to cuprizone for 6 weeks showed schizophrenia-like behavioral changes, the increased exploration of the center in the open field test (OFT), increased entries into the open arms of the elevated plus-maze, as well as demyelination in the corpus callosum. After cuprizone withdrawal, the diet therapy was initiated with supplementation of
oil for 2 weeks. As expected, myelin repair was greatly enhanced in the demyelinated regions with increased mature oligodendrocytes (CC1) and myelin basic protein (MBP). More importantly, the supplementation with
oil in the diet reduced the schizophrenia-like behavior in the open field test (OFT) and the elevated plus-maze compared to the cuprizone recovery group. The results revealed that the diet supplementation with
oil improved behavioral abnormalities, oligodendrocyte maturation, and remyelination in the cuprizone model during recovery.
Diet supplementation with
oil attenuates demyelination induced by cuprizone, indicating that
oil is a novel therapeutic diet in demyelinating diseases.
Stability is a fundamental ecological property of the gut microbiota and is associated with host health. Numerous studies have shown that unbalanced dietary components disturb the gut microbial ...composition and thereby contribute to the onset and progression of disease. However, the impact of unbalanced diets on the stability of the gut microbiota is poorly understood. In the present study, four-week-old mice were fed a plant-based diet high in refined carbohydrates or a high-fat diet for four weeks to simulate a persistent unbalanced diet. We found that persistent unbalanced diets significantly reduced the gut bacterial richness and increased the complexity of bacterial co-occurrence networks. Furthermore, the gut bacterial response to unbalanced diets was phylogenetically conserved, which reduced network modularity and enhanced the proportion of positive associations between community taxon, thereby amplifying the co-oscillation of perturbations among community species to destabilize gut microbial communities. The disturbance test revealed that the gut microbiota of mice fed with unbalanced diets was less resistant to antibiotic perturbation and pathogenic bacteria invasion. This study may fill a gap in the mechanistic understanding of the gut microbiota stability in response to diet and provide new insights into the gut microbial ecology.
Hatchery rearing significantly influences the phenotypic development of fish, with potential adverse effects for the post-release performance of hatchery-reared individuals in natural environments, ...especially when targeted for stock enhancement. To assess the suitability of releasing hatchery-reared fish, a comprehensive understanding of the phenotypic effects of captive rearing, through comparisons with their wild conspecifics, is essential. In this study, we investigated the divergence in body coloration between wild and hatchery-reared marbled rockfish Sebastiscus marmoratus. We examined the selection preferences for different light colors and assessed the impact of different ambient light colors on the morphological color-changing ability of juvenile marbled rockfish. Our findings revealed significant differences in body color between wild and hatchery-reared marbled rockfish. The hue and saturation values of wild marbled rockfish were significantly higher than those of their hatchery-reared counterparts, indicative of deeper and more vibrant body coloration in the wild population. Following a ten-day rearing period under various light color environments, the color of wild marbled rockfish remained relatively unchanged. In contrast, hatchery-reared marbled rockfish tended to change their color, albeit not reaching wild-like coloration. Light color preference tests demonstrated that wild juvenile marbled rockfish exhibited a preference for a red-light environment, while hatchery-reared individuals showed a similar but weaker response. Both wild and hatchery-reared marbled rockfish displayed notable negative phototaxis in the presence of yellow and blue ambient light. These results highlight the impact of hatchery rearing conditions on the body color and morphological color-changing ability, and provide insight into light color selection preferences of marbled rockfish. To mitigate the divergence in phenotypic development and produce more wild-like fish for stocking purposes, modifications to the hatchery environment, such as the regulation of ambient light color, should be considered.
The blackspotted croaker (Nibea diacanthus) is an important food fish of Indo-West Pacific and China. To study the phylogenetic status, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome of N. ...diacanthus. The mitogenome is 16,532 bp in length and composed of 13 protein-coding genes, two rRNAs, 22 tRNAs, and a control region. The gene composition and the structural arrangement of N. diacanthus complete mtDNA were identical to most of other vertebrates. The phylogenetic analysis using the complete mitochondrial genome revealed that the N. diacanthus might be separated from Nibea genera of Argyrosominae, which was inconsistent with that based on morphology. The complete mitogenome data would be useful for the evolution and conservation genetic studies of Sciaenidae.
Stock enhancement based on hatchery-reared fish has become one of the most common forms of management practices in marine fisheries resource restoration. However, unnatural rearing environments may ...cause hatchery-reared fish to diverge phenotypically from wild conspecifics, with negative consequences for post-release performance in the natural environments. To better evaluate the suitability of releasing hatchery-reared fish, it is necessary to understand the phenotypic effects of captive rearing, through comparisons with wild conspecifics. In this study, we compared body morphology, swimming performance, and biochemical body composition between hatchery-reared and wild marbled rockfish (
Sebastiscus marmoratus
) from the same general gene pool. The results show that the overall body profile differed significantly between the groups, with hatchery-reared individuals having a deeper body (in particular in the head and trunk regions), narrower caudal peduncles, and higher condition factor, as compared to wild conspecifics. Hatchery-reared marbled rockfish also had relatively shorter fins, for a given size. In terms of swimming performance, the hatchery-reared marbled rockfish performed worse than the wild, with slower burst swimming speeds and poorer endurance. Wild rockfish had higher body protein content but lower lipid levels compared to the hatchery-reared individuals. These results suggest that hatchery rearing conditions have a great impact on the phenotypic development, with possibly high effects on their post-release performance of the hatchery-reared marbled rockfish. Modifications for the hatchery environment and operation should be investigated with an aim to minimize the divergence in phenotypic development for production of more wild-like fish for stocking.
Heat stress has multiple potential effects on the brain, such as neuroinflammation, neurogenesis defects, and cognitive impairment. β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) has been demonstrated to play ...neuroprotective roles in various models of neurological diseases. In the present study, we investigated the efficacy of BHBA in alleviating heat stress-induced impairments of adult hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive function, as well as the underlying mechanisms. Mice were exposed to 43 ℃ for 15 min for 14 days after administration with saline, BHBA, or minocycline. Here, we showed for the first time that BHBA normalized memory ability in the heat stress-treated mice and attenuated heat stress-impaired hippocampal neurogenesis. Consistently, BHBA noticeably improved the synaptic plasticity in the heat stress-treated hippocampal neurons by inhibiting the decrease of synapse-associated proteins and the density of dendritic spines. Moreover, BHBA inhibited the expression of cleaved caspase-3 by suppressing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and increased the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the heat stress-treated hippocampus by activating the protein kinase B (Akt)/cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) pathways. These findings indicate that BHBA is a potential agent for improving cognitive functions in heat stress-treated mice. The action may be mediated by ER stress, and Akt-CREB-BDNF and MeCP2 pathways to improve adult hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity.
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