Increasing concern about carbon dioxide (CO2) emission reduction demands knowledge about the production structure of an economy. Information on productive linkages yields insight about forward and ...backward emission effects associated with sectoral inputs and outputs and serves as an essential starting point to identify the optimised industrial structure under the constraint of CO2 emission. This paper proposes a combined linkage analysis and multi-objective programming approach to identify the key CO2 emission sectors and the optimised production structure with respect to emission reduction target. As a demonstration, the proposed approach is applied to data from China in 2007. The result shows that to reduce CO2 emissions from 5707.16 to 5452.12 million tonnes, China needs to change its industrial structure by focussing on industrial groups as defined by linkage characteristics, which would lead to a subsequent GDP decrease of 82.59 billion Yuan. From a policy standpoint, the analytical techniques described in this paper can provide valuable information for planners and decision makers to formulate feasible and practical industrial polices with implications for CO2 emissions.
•This paper aims to identify key sectors and the optimised production structure with respect to CO2 emission in an economy.•A linkage analysis combined with multi-objective programming approach is proposed.•Mitigation measures should focus on industrial groups defined by economic and emission linkages.•The proposed approach is applied to data from China in 2007.
Concerns about the equity and efficiency of current allocation principles related to responsibility for carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions have been presented in the recent literature. The objective of ...this paper is to design a calculation framework for shared responsibility from the perspective of border tax adjustments. The advantage of this framework is that it makes the shared responsibility principle and border carbon taxation complementary to each other; these are important policies for reducing global CO2 emissions, but they are individually supported by developing and developed countries. As an illustration, the proposed framework is applied to data from China in 2007. The empirical results show that for the Chinese economy as a whole, changing from the production-based criterion to the shared responsibility approach would lead to an 11% decrease in its responsibility for CO2 emissions. Moreover, the differences observed between the production-based criterion and the shared responsibility approach are considerable in several sectors; for example, changing from the production-based criterion to the shared principle would lead to a 60% decrease in the responsibility of the textile sector.
•This paper designs a shared responsibility calculation framework for CO2 emissions.•This paper suggests that the carbon tariff rate serve as a basis for calculating shared responsibility.•The proposed framework is applied to data from China in 2007.•Shared responsibility principle will significantly decrease China's responsibility for CO2 emissions.
Lead‐free perovskite infrared light‐emitting diodes are achieved by using a halide perovskite CsSnI3 as an emissive layer. The film shows compact micrometer‐sized grains with only a few pinholes and ...cracks at the grain boundaries. The device exhibits maximum radiance of 40 W sr−1 m−2 at a current density of 364.3 mA cm−2 and maximum external quantum efficiency of 3.8% at 4.5 V.
Studies have demonstrated systematic individual differences in the degree of semantic reliance (SR) when reading aloud exception words in adult skilled readers. However, the origins of individual ...differences in reading remain unclear. Using a connectionist model of reading, this study investigated whether oral vocabulary knowledge may affect the degree of SR as a potential source of individual differences in reading. Variety in oral vocabulary knowledge was simulated by training the model to learn the mappings between spoken and meaning word forms with different vocabulary sizes and quantities of exposure to these vocabularies. The model's SR in the reading aloud task was computed. The result demonstrated that the model with varying amounts of oral exposure and vocabulary sizes had different levels of SR. Critically, SR was able to predict the performance of the model on reading aloud and nonword reading, which assimilated behavioural reading patterns. Further analysis revealed that SR was largely associated with the interaction between oral vocabulary exposure and oral vocabulary size. When the amount of exposure was limited, SR significantly increased with vocabulary sizes but decreased then with vocabulary sizes. Overall, the simulation results provide the first computational evidence of the direct link between oral vocabulary knowledge and the degree of SR as a source of individual differences in reading.
With our coupled jet-fluid model, we study the nuclear modifications of full jets and jet structures for single inclusive jets and γ-jets in Pb+Pb collisions at 5.02 ATeV and 2.76 ATeV. The in-medium ...evolution of full jet shower is described by a set of coupled transport equations including the effects of collisional energy loss, transverse momentum broadening and medium-induced splitting process. The dynamical evolution of bulk medium is simulated by solving relativistic hydrodynamic equation with source term which accounts for the energy and momentum deposited by hard jet shower to soft medium. Our study demonstrates that the hydrodynamic medium response to jet propagation significantly enhances the broadening of jet shape at large angles and is essential for the cone-size dependence of jet energy loss and nuclear modification factor of inclusive jet production. It is also found that the nuclear modification pattern of jet shape is sensitive to jet energy but has weak dependence on the flavor of the parton that initiates the jet. Our result can naturally explain the different nuclear modification patterns of jet shape functions for single inclusive jet and γ-jet events as observed by the CMS Collaboration, and can be tested in the future by measuring the jet shape function over a wider range of jet energies in heavy-ion collisions.
The nuclear modification of jet splitting in relativistic heavy-ion collisions at RHIC and the LHC energies is studied based on the higher twist formalism. Assuming coherent energy loss for the two ...splitted subjets, a non-monotonic jet energy dependence is found for the nuclear modification of jet splitting function: strongest modification at intermediate jet energies whereas weaker modification for larger or smaller jet energies. Combined with the smaller size and lower density of the QGP medium at RHIC than at the LHC, this helps to understand the groomed jet measurements from CMS and STAR Collaborations: strong modification of the momentum sharing zg distribution at the LHC and no obvious modification of zg distribution at RHIC. In addition, the observed nuclear modification pattern of the groomed jet zg distribution cannot be explained solely by independent energy loss of the two subjets. Our result may be tested in future measurements of groomed jets with lower jet energies at the LHC and larger jet energies at RHIC, for different angular separations between the two subjets.
A ray of sunshine: The title reaction sequence using ethyl 2‐(3,4‐dihydroisoquinolin‐2(1H)‐yl)acetates with a series of electron‐deficient alkenes and alkynes provides rapid and efficient access to ...pyrrolo2,1‐aisoquinolines (see scheme; bpy=2,2′‐bipyridine, EWG=electron‐withdrawing group). The reaction offers a strategically new protocol for the direct and efficient construction of the core structure of naturally occurring lamellarin alkaloids.
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic intestinal disease, which was commonly found in westerners whereas is increasingly prevalent in Asia because of the changing eating habits. In previous ...research, we found that a water‐soluble polysaccharide isolated from Auricularia auricular‐judae (Bull.)—a kind of edible mushroom (Aap)—is composed of β‐1,3 glycosidic bonds, which is regarded as therapeutic or protective substance in enteritis. We therefore aimed to find the preventing effect of Aap on IBD. Here, we reported that pre‐administration of Aap not only ameliorated weight loss, colon damage, and mucosal inflammation in colitis mice, but also prevented the damage of intestinal barrier by reducing the D‐lactic acid and diamine oxidase level in plasma. Through high‐throughput sequencing, we found that Aap changed gut microbiota composition. Furthermore, the preventing effect was transmissible via horizontal feces transfer from Aap‐treated mice to normal mice. Our results indicated that oral administration of Aap is a promising protective substance of IBD.
Practical Application
Our study proved that Auricularia auricula polysaccharide had substantial preventing effect on DSS‐induced colitis in mice. This research might lay the theoretical foundation and technical support for the development of related functional foods. People could also enhance their gut immunity by eating Auricularia auricular in their daily life. Auricularia auricular as a highly nutritious agricultural product showed the broad significance in nutrition and food function.
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