Learning machine translation by using only monolingual data sets is a complex task as there are many possible ways to connect or associate target sentences with source sentences. The monolingual word ...embeddings are linearly mapped on a common shared space through robust learning or adversarial training in an unsupervised way, but these learning techniques have fundamental limitations in translating sentences. In this paper, a simple yet effective method has been proposed for fully unsupervised machine translation that is based on cross-lingual sense to word embedding instead of cross-lingual word embedding and language model. We have utilized word sense disambiguation to incorporate the source language context in order to select the sense of a word more appropriately. A language model for considering target language context in lexical choices and denoising autoencoder for language insertion, deletion, and reordering are integrated. The proposed approach eliminates the problem of noisy target language context due to erroneous word translations. This work takes into account the challenge of homonyms and polysemous words in the case of morphologically rich languages. The experiments performed on English-Hindi and Hindi-English using different evaluation metrics show an improvement of +3 points in BLEU and METEOR-Hindi over the baseline system.
Multidrug resistance pathogens causing infections and illness remain largely untreated clinically. Efflux pumps are one of the primary processes through which bacteria develop resistance by ...transferring antibiotics from the interior of their cells to the outside environment. Inhibiting these pumps by developing efficient derivatives appears to be a promising strategy for restoring antibiotic potency. This investigation explores literature-reported inhibitors of E. coli efflux pump fusion proteins AcrB-AcrA and identify potential chemical derivatives of these inhibitors to overcome the limitations. Using computational and structure-guided approaches, a study was conducted with the selected inhibitors (AcrA:25-AcrB:59) obtained by data mining and their derivatives (AcrA:857-AcrB:3891) to identify their inhibitory effect on efflux pump using virtual screening, molecular docking and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The finding indicates that Compound 2 (ZINC000072136376) has shown better binding and a significant inhibitory effect on AcrA, while Compound 3 (ZINC000072266819) has shown stronger binding and substantial inhibition effect on both non-mutant and mutated AcrB subunits. The identified derivatives could exhibit a better inhibitor and provide a potential approach for restoring the actions of resistant antibiotics.
This letter, presents the compendium of eight unsupervised Machine Translation (MT) systems built from monolingual corpus of five Indian languages from the Indo-Aryan and Dravidian language families. ...Recent research has demonstrated outstanding results in completely unsupervised training of Phrase-based Statistical MT (PBSMT) systems using innovative and designs that rely solely on monolingual datasets. However, prior research has shown that Unsupervised Statistical MT (USMT) outperforms Unsupervised Neural MT (UNMT), particularly for language pairings that are not closely related. The purpose of this work is to investigate the architecture of the USMT system utilizing only monolingual dataset using four different Indian morphologically rich languages and one low-resource endangered Kangri language. The experimental results analysis are evaluated using different natural language toolkit tokenizers and analyzed for different language pair using various fully automatic MT evaluation metrics for different iterations.
Unsupervised word to word translation without parallel corpora has attracted much research interest in the recent years. Even with the remarkable success of the recent techniques that trained with ...adversarial learning methods achieved a high accuracy. But they suffer from the typical drawbacks of generative adversarial models that is sensitivity to hyper-parameters, long training time and lack of interpretability. In this paper, we proposed a method of cross-lingual word embedding generation for English and morphological rich Hindi language pairs especially for healthcare professional because it will remove the communication barrier among patients regardless of its language. There is no requirement of aligned document or sentence aligned corpus, nor any bilingual dictionary because fully unsupervised learning method has been used. We are following the assumption of intra-lingual similarity distribution idea that the distribution graph is identical for the most common terms between language pairs and isometric embeddings. The performance is analyzed by using different word retrieval methods and compared for the cross-lingual word embedding of an English Hindi language pair, which is trained for both fully unsupervised and semi-supervised ways by passing the seed dictionary. We have also provided the comparative analysis of results of adversarial training and robust self-learning method for English and Hindi languages.
(L.) Urb. is an underutilized crop plant belonging to the Fabaceae family. In recent years, the plant received huge attention and was introduced in different countries owing to properties such as a ...high nutritional content, its nitrogen-fixing abilities, and different biological activities such as its antioxidant, immune modulation, anticancer, anti-diabetes, anti-osteoporosis, antiviral, and antiaging affects, among others. In this review, an attempt has been made to comprehensively compile the biological activities of the plant to provide a panoramic view of the current efforts and further directions, which may lead to the development of pharmacological applications. This information will be helpful in creating interest towards
and it may be useful in developing the plant for medical applications and/or as a functional food. More than 50 phytochemicals have been reported from the plant, which belong to different chemical classes such as triterpenoids, organic acid, flavonoids, and fatty acids. Numerous biological activities were reported from the plant through in vivo, in vitro, ex vivo, and human studies. However, well-defined clinical studies are still lacking for the establishment of any biological properties that could be further developed. Suggestions for the further development of
, according to current knowledge about the different biological properties, has also been provided.
Xylanases of thermophilic origin are more robust and stable and hence more suitable for industrial applications. The aim of the research was to develop a patent using a robust mutant exhibiting ...enhanced xylanase activity. The strain (Bacillus aestuarii SC-2014) subjected to mutagenesis is thermophilic in origin and hence it is envisioned that the enhancement of its catalytic potential will enhance its industrial applicability.
The main aim was to develop a stable and vigorous mutant having higher xylanase activity and improved thermostability.
The bacterial strain isolated from the Tattapani hot springs of Himachal Pradesh (India) was mutagenized by single separate exposure of Ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) and N-methyl N-nitro N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG).
A mutant library was generated and extensive screening led to the identification of the most potent mutant strain selected and designated as Bacillus sp. SC-2014 EMS200 (MTCC number 25046) which displayed not only enhanced xylanase activity and thermo stability but also appreciable genetic stability. This strain displayed a 3-fold increase in enzyme activity and simultaneously, a significant reduction in fermentation time from 72 h to 48 h was also observed. The xylanase gene from wild and mutant strain was cloned, sequenced and subjected to molecular docking. Two mutations H121D and S123T were present inside the binding pocket.
Mutation H121D made the binding pocket more acidic and charged, thus enhancing the xylanase activity for mutant protein. Mutations also resulted in charged amino acids (Y99K and H121D) which were identified as a probable cause for enhancing the thermostability of mutant protein.
Though the treatment of uncomplicated varicose vein (UVV) might prevent late complications such as skin change or ulceration, but, there are limited studies available to justify this concept. Yoga ...and Naturopathy being a proficient tool in managing non communicable diseases including many cardiovascular diseases; no attempt was made to study its potential effect in Varicose Vein diseases.
The present study aims to study the combination of Yoga and Naturopathy in uncomplicated varicose vein patients.
50 UVV participants were prospectively recruited and randomly divided into two groups, Experimental and Active control groups. Both the groups practiced their respective interventions, and follow up was done after 1 and 3 months of active intervention. Finally study was completed with 46 participants (2 dropouts in each groups). The sample size was calculated based on the previous study, considering power as 0.8 and ‘α’ as 0.05, using ‘G’ power software. The variables such as Body weight, BMI, Systolic blood pressure (SBP), Diastolic blood pressure (DBP), Heart rate (HR), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), homocysteine (HCy) were recorded before and after the intervention, but Aberdeen Varicose Vein Questionnaire (AVVQ) and Visual analogue heaviness scale (VAHS) were recorded on 60 and 120 days of the follow up in addition to active intervention period.
There was a significant decrease in hs-CRP (p < 0.05) in the experimental group as compared to the control group. Body weight, BMI, SBP, HR, hs-CRP, HCy (p < 0.001) and DBP (p < 0.05) significantly decreases following the Combined Yoga and Naturopathy (CYN) intervention for a month in the experimental group. Also, the AVVQ (p < 0.01) and VAHS (p < 0.05) decreases following active intervention and two consecutive follow up. No adverse event was noted during or after the trial.
The combined effect of Yoga and Naturopathy reduced blood pressure and inflammatory markers suggestive of potential of recovery in inflammation in the endothelial tissue of the microvascular system in UVV patients.
CTRI/2018/10/015895; Clinical Trials Registry- India; www.ctri.nic.in.
Varicose veins (VVs) are twisted and dilated veins, mostly located in the lower limbs. The particular condition is mostly neglected due to lack of awareness about the issue, lack of symptoms, or late ...appearance of symptoms. The current review summarizes the overview of VV and available treatment options (conventional as well as nonconventional such as Ayurveda, exercise, and Yoga) for VV. VVs can range from uncomplicated asymptomatic visible small veins to symptomatic complicated varicose eczema and varicose ulcers. We identified 200 papers on VV between 2000 and 2021, out of which 40 were selected for particular review. Article search was done through Medline, Google Scholar, PubMed, psycINFO, and EMBASE using the keywords “varicose veins” and “surgery,” “treatment,” “conservative methods,” “Ayurveda,” “exercise,” and “Yoga.” The randomized and nonrandomized control, self as control studies, narrative reviews, systematic reviews, as well as case studies are included. The review focuses on the importance of nonconventional alternative form of therapies, specially Ayurveda, exercise, and Yoga, for the management of VV. There are a large number of studies done on VV, but a negligible number of studies are available to prove the effectiveness of Yoga on the particular condition. A lot of research trials on urgent basis are needed to prove the efficacy of Yoga in VV disease.
The fast advancement in machine translation models necessitates the development of accurate evaluation metrics that would allow researchers to track the progress in text languages. The evaluation of ...machine translation models is crucial since its results are exploited for improvements of translation models. However fully automatically evaluating the machine translation models in itself is a huge challenge for the researchers as human evaluation is very expensive, time-consuming, unreproducible. This paper presents a detailed classification and comprehensive survey on various fully automated evaluation metrics, which are used to assess the performance or quality of machine translated output. Various fully automatic evaluation metrics are classified into five categories that are lexical, character, semantic, syntactic, and semantic & syntactic evaluation metrics for better understanding purpose. Taking account of the challenges posed in the field of machine translation evaluation by Statistical Machine Translation and Neural Machine Translation, along with a discussion on the advantages, disadvantages, and gaps for each fully automatic machine translation evaluation metric has been provided. The presented study will help machine translation researchers in quickly identifying automatic machine translation evaluation metrics that are most appropriate for the improvement or development of their machine translation model, as well as researchers in gaining a general understanding of how automatic machine translation evaluation research evolved.
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