Vers des cultures fruitières et légumières à hautes performances environnementales Jeannequin , Benoit (INRA , Alenya (France). UE 0411 Domaine Expérimental Alénya-Roussillon); Dosba , Francoise (INRA , Montpellier (France). UMR 1334 Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes méditerranéennes et Tropicales); Plénet , Daniel (INRA , Avignon (France). UR 1115 Unité de recherche Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles) ...
2011
Conference Proceeding
En France, les productions fruitières et légumières qui occupent moins de 2% de la SAU sont caractérisés par la diversité des espèces cultivées et les multiples systèmes de culture qui peuvent avoir ...des impacts environnementaux divers. Face aux nouveaux enjeux de développement d’une horticulture sensu lato à haute performance environnementale, l’Inra contribue aux travaux visant à réduire l’impact environnemental de ces cultures et à concevoir des systèmes de culture innovants. Les principaux résultats acquis au cours des dernières années concernent l’optimisation de la gestion du climat sous serre, le raisonnement optimisé de pratiques d’irrigation et de fertilisation, la création de variétés multi résistantes et la gestion durable des résistances aux bio agresseurs, l’élaboration de systèmes de cultures innovants limitant les risques phytosanitaires. Outre les recherches conduites en agriculture biologique, le développement de la protection fruitière intégrée et, plus récemment, de la protection biologique intégrée sous serre constituent des apports importants dans cette démarche de protection de l’environnement. Les approches actuelles de l’Inra sont plus globales et concernent l’étude des systèmes de culture à bas intrants et à hautes performances environnementales et économiques. Elles nécessitent des approches de modélisation des systèmes complexes et des partenariats multiples. Pour nourrir et étudier ces questions, l’Inra renforce ses structures d’interface notamment au travers de Groupements d’Intérêt Scientifique tels que le GIS PIClég et très prochainement le GIS « Fruits »
In France, fruit and vegetable productions contribute 2% of the UAA and are characterised by a diversity of cultivated species and cropping systems with contrasting environmental impacts. Facing new stakes of implementing horticulture with high environment performance, Inra carries out researches targeting a reduction of the environmental impact of these crops and conc eption of innovative production systems. The main results achieved during the recent years concern optimisation of the management climatic conditions in greenhouses, optimised management of irrigation and fertilisation, creation of varieties with multiple resistance as well as durable management of resistances to pests and diseases, conception of production systems leading to reduced phytosanitary risks. Beyond researches in organic farming, the implementation of integrated pest management in fruit production and, more recently, integrated biological control in greenhouses are main contributions to environment preservation. Present approaches of Inra are more global and target low input production systems with high environmental and economic performances. They require modelling of complex systems and multiple partnerships. To feed and study these questions, Inra reinforces its collaborative structures, especially through Group of Scientific Interest (GIS) such as GIS PICLeg and, soon, GIS Fruits
Highlights • Decades of colistin use to treat Enterobacteriaceae infections in animals. • Moderate to high occurrence of colistin resistance in pathogenic animal strains. • Low resistance to colistin ...in indicator E. coli in Europe compared with Asia. • Some Salmonella serovars exhibit a degree of intrinsic resistance. • Resistance in Salmonella depends on percentages of intrinsically resistant strains.
Imeglimin is the first in a new class of oral glucose-lowering agents currently in phase 2b development. Although imeglimin improves insulin sensitivity in humans, the molecular mechanisms are ...unknown. This study used a model of 16-week high-fat, high-sucrose diet (HFHSD) mice to characterize its antidiabetic effects. Six-week imeglimin treatment significantly decreased glycemia, restored normal glucose tolerance, and improved insulin sensitivity without modifying organs, body weights, and food intake. This was associated with an increase in insulin-stimulated protein kinase B phosphorylation in the liver and muscle. In liver mitochondria, imeglimin redirects substrate flows in favor of complex II, as illustrated by increased respiration with succinate and by the restoration of respiration with glutamate/malate back to control levels. In addition, imeglimin inhibits complex I and restores complex III activities, suggesting an increase in fatty acid oxidation, which is supported by an increase in hepatic 3-hydroxyacetyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity and acylcarnitine profile and the reduction of liver steatosis. Imeglimin also reduces reactive oxygen species production and increases mitochondrial DNA. Finally, imeglimin effects on mitochondrial phospholipid composition could participate in the benefit of imeglimin on mitochondrial function. In conclusion, imeglimin normalizes glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity by preserving mitochondrial function from oxidative stress and favoring lipid oxidation in liver of HFHSD mice.
Quelques exemples d’intérêts et de limites de la sélection assistée par marqueurs chez la pomme de terre Kerlan , Marie-Claire(auteur de correspondance) (INRA , Le Rheu (France). UMR 1349 Institut de Génétique Environnement et Protection des Plantes); Marhadour , Sylvie (INRA , Le Rheu (France). UMR 1349 Institut de Génétique Environnement et Protection des Plantes); Caromel , Bernard (INRA , Montfavet (France). UR 1052 Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes) ...
2013
Publication
Marker-assisted selection (MAS) is only possible if molecular markers are easy to handle and informative. In potato, a tetraploid and highly heterozygous species, SAM is poorly developed. In our ...study we developed two approaches: 1) search for molecular markers linked to traits of interest in diploid segregating populations and test of their transferability at the tetraploid level and 2) test of molecular markers that have already been published in different tetraploid genetic backgrounds. The targeted traits were resistance to pathogens (late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans, cyst nematodes Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida, virus Y) and glycoalkaloid content in tubers. In the case of a monogenic control (like resistance to late blight conferred by the R1 gene originating from Solanum demissum or the resistance to the Y virus conferred by the Ry gene originating from S. stoloniferum), the published markers have been validated in different genetic backgrounds. For the H1 gene conferring resistance to G. rostochiensis, markers available at the time of the project were not found to be associated with resistance in our material but other markers have since been validated. In the case of oligogenic resistance, illustrated by the resistance to G. pallida, which is controlled by two QTL, markers flanking the large effect QTL GpaVspl were tested successfully in different diploid and tetraploid backgrounds. Two markers linked to the low effect QTL GpaXIspl were also validated. These markers were transferred to the French breeders who are now using them in their breeding programs. For polygenic quantitative traits (partial resistance to late blight and glycoalkaloid content), it seems not realistic to consider SAM for the moment.
La sélection assistée par marqueurs (SAM) n’est possible que si les marqueurs moléculaires sont facilement utilisables et informatifs. Chez la pomme de terre, espèce tétraploïde et hétérozygote, la SAM est encore assez peu développée pour le moment. Notre démarche a été, d’une part, de rechercher des marqueurs moléculaires liés à des caractères d’intérêt à partir de populations diploïdes en ségrégation et de tester leur transférabilité au niveau tétraploïde et, d’autre part, de tester des marqueurs moléculaires déjà publiés dans des fonds génétiques tétraploïdes différents. Les modèles retenus étaient la résistance aux bioagresseurs (le mildiou du feuillage causé par Phytophthora infestans, la résistance aux nématodes à kyste Globodera rostochiensis et G. pallida, la résistance au virus Y) et la teneur en glycoalcaloïdes des tubercules. Dans le cas d’un déterminisme génétique simple (cas du gène Ry conférant la résistance au virus Y issu de Solanum stoloniferum ou du gène R1 de résistance au mildiou issu de S. demissum), les marqueurs publiés ont pu être validés dans différents fonds génétiques. Pour le gène H1 conférant la résistance à G. rostochiensis, le marqueur disponible au moment du projet s’est avéré ne pas être lié à la résistance dans notre matériel mais d’autres marqueurs ont été validés depuis. Dans le cas d’une résistance oligogénique, illustrée par la résistance à G. pallida dont le déterminisme génétique est sous le contrôle de 2 QTL, la portabilité de 4 marqueurs permettant de suivre le QTL à effet fort GpaVspl dans différents fonds génétiques tétraploïdes a été testée. Deux marqueurs permettant de suivre le QTL à effet faible GpaXIspl ont également été validés. L’ensemble des marqueurs a été transféré aux partenaires professionnels qui les utilisent désormais à des échelles différentes dans leurs schémas de sélection. Pour les caractères à déterminisme polygénique (résistance au mildiou du feuillage et teneur en glycoalcaloïdes), il semble actuellement prématuré d’envisager la SAM.
Dans le projet ANR « Archidemio » (2009 – 2012, appel d’offre SYSTERRA), nous avons exploré si les caractéristiques de la plante et du couvert végétal (architecture, développement, niveaux de ...résistance) pouvaient être des déterminants majeurs du développement épidémique des maladies aériennes, et de leur maîtrise dans des stratégies intégrées de phytoprotection. Le projet était structuré en trois grands volets : 1) La construction d’un modèle générique couplant le développement de la plante et le développement épidémique de maladies aériennes fongiques, 2) L’acquisition de connaissances sur 4 pathosystèmes (vigne/oïdium, igname/anthracnose, pois/ascochytose, pomme de terre/mildiou) en fonction de leur caractéristiques (sensibilité au micro-climat et à la plante), et des leviers potentiels activables côté plante (génétique, conduite de la culture), 3) L’élaboration de scénarii de gestion au niveau de la plante (architecture / génotype - idéotypes variétaux) et/ou de la culture (densité, taille, tuteurage).
In the ANR project “Archidemio” (2009 - 2012, SYSTERRA), we explored whether characteristics of the plant and the canopy (architecture, development, resistance levels) could be major determinants of epidemic development of air-borne diseases and could be used as control strategies in integrated plant protection. The project was structured in three main parts: 1) The construction of a generic model coupling host plant growth and fungal epidemics development, 2) the improvement of knowledge about four pathosystems (vine / powdery mildew, yam / anthracnose, peas / ascochyta blight, potato / downy mildew) and their characteristics (sensitivity to microclimate and susceptibility of the plant), and potential levers (genetic, or crop management), 3) the proposal of crop management scenarios at the plant level (architecture / genotype - ideotypes) and / or crop level (density, size, pruning).
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has transformed our understanding of the human brain through well-replicated mapping of abilities to specific structures (for example, lesion studies) and functions
...(for example, task functional MRI (fMRI)). Mental health research and care have yet to realize similar advances from MRI. A primary challenge has been replicating associations between inter-individual differences in brain structure or function and complex cognitive or mental health phenotypes (brain-wide association studies (BWAS)). Such BWAS have typically relied on sample sizes appropriate for classical brain mapping
(the median neuroimaging study sample size is about 25), but potentially too small for capturing reproducible brain-behavioural phenotype associations
. Here we used three of the largest neuroimaging datasets currently available-with a total sample size of around 50,000 individuals-to quantify BWAS effect sizes and reproducibility as a function of sample size. BWAS associations were smaller than previously thought, resulting in statistically underpowered studies, inflated effect sizes and replication failures at typical sample sizes. As sample sizes grew into the thousands, replication rates began to improve and effect size inflation decreased. More robust BWAS effects were detected for functional MRI (versus structural), cognitive tests (versus mental health questionnaires) and multivariate methods (versus univariate). Smaller than expected brain-phenotype associations and variability across population subsamples can explain widespread BWAS replication failures. In contrast to non-BWAS approaches with larger effects (for example, lesions, interventions and within-person), BWAS reproducibility requires samples with thousands of individuals.
α-Graphyne, a carbon-expanded version of graphene ('carbo-graphene') that was recently evidenced as an alternative zero-gap semiconductor, remains a theoretical material. Nevertheless, using specific ...synthesis methods, molecular units of α-graphyne ('carbo-benzene' macrocycles) can be inserted between two anilinyl (4-NH2-C6H4)-anchoring groups that allow these fragments to form molecular junctions between gold electrodes. Here, electrical measurements by the scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) break junction technique and electron transport calculations are carried out on such a carbo-benzene, providing unprecedented single molecule conductance values: 106 nS through a 1.94-nm N-N distance, essentially 10 times the conductance of a shorter nanographenic hexabenzocoronene analogue. Deleting a C4 edge of the rigid C18 carbo-benzene circuit results in a flexible 'carbo-butadiene' molecule that has a conductance 40 times lower. Furthermore, carbo-benzene junctions exhibit field-effect transistor behaviour when an electrochemical gate potential is applied, opening the way for device applications. All the results are interpreted on the basis of theoretical calculations.
Abstract
Patient reported outcomes measures (PROMS) are important endpoints to measure patient health status in the perioperative setting. However, there are no good tools to measure PROMS in the ...pediatric surgical population. Patients 7 to 17 years old undergoing surgery were included and followed up for 1 day after surgery (POD1). At POD1 the patients were asked to rate their overall postoperative recovery using a 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS). The primary outcome was the pediatric QoR-15 score on postoperative day 1 (POD1). 150 patients completed the study. The mean (SD) pediatric QoR-15F scores were 132.1 (14.1) and 111.0 (27.0), preoperatively and on POD1, respectively. Convergent validity confirmed with Pearson (r) correlation between the postoperative pediatric QoR-15F and the patient-rated global recovery assessment was 0.72 (95% confidence interval 0.63–0.79; p < 10
–16
). Concerning reliability, internal consistency of the pediatric QoR-15 assessed by Cronbach’s alpha was 0.90. The test–retest concordance correlation coefficient was 0.92; 95% CI 0.83–0.96. Split-half alpha was 0.74. The pictorial pediatric version of the QoR-15F showed good validity, reliability, responsiveness, acceptability and feasibility. This PROMS should be considered for clinical care and research in the perioperative pediatric patient setting.
Trial Registration:
NCT04453410 on clinicaltrials.gov.
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