Halide perovskites have high light absorption coefficients, long charge carrier diffusion lengths, intense photoluminescence, and slow rates of non‐radiative charge recombination. Thus, they are ...attractive photoactive materials for developing high‐performance optoelectronic devices. These devices are also cheap and easy to be fabricated. To realize the optimal performances of halide perovskite‐based optoelectronic devices (HPODs), perovskite photoactive layers should work effectively with other functional materials such as electrodes, interfacial layers and encapsulating films. Conventional two‐dimensional (2D) materials are promising candidates for this purpose because of their unique structures and/or interesting optoelectronic properties. Here, we comprehensively summarize the recent advancements in the applications of conventional 2D materials for halide perovskite‐based photodetectors, solar cells and light‐emitting diodes. The examples of these 2D materials are graphene and its derivatives, mono‐ and few‐layer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), graphdiyne and metal nanosheets, etc. The research related to 2D nanostructured perovskites and 2D Ruddlesden–Popper perovskites as efficient and stable photoactive layers is also outlined. The syntheses, functions and working mechanisms of relevant 2D materials are introduced, and the challenges to achieving practical applications of HPODs using 2D materials are also discussed.
Halide perovskites and two‐dimensional (2D) materials are attractive optoelectronic materials because of their unique structures and excellent properties. The functions of conventional 2D materials (e.g., graphene and its derivatives, transition metal dichalcogenides, etc.) in halide‐perovskite‐based optoelectronic devices are highlighted. 2D nanostructured perovskites and 2D Ruddlesden–Popper layered perovskites as stable and efficient photoactive layers are also discussed.
Long read technologies have revolutionized de novo genome assembly by generating contigs orders of magnitude longer than that of short read assemblies. Although assembly contiguity has increased, it ...usually does not reconstruct a full chromosome or an arm of the chromosome, resulting in an unfinished chromosome level assembly. To increase the contiguity of the assembly to the chromosome level, different strategies are used which exploit long range contact information between chromosomes in the genome.
We develop a scalable and computationally efficient scaffolding method that can boost the assembly contiguity to a large extent using genome-wide chromatin interaction data such as Hi-C.
we demonstrate an algorithm that uses Hi-C data for longer-range scaffolding of de novo long read genome assemblies. We tested our methods on the human and goat genome assemblies. We compare our scaffolds with the scaffolds generated by LACHESIS based on various metrics.
Our new algorithm SALSA produces more accurate scaffolds compared to the existing state of the art method LACHESIS.
In eukaryotes, MEDIATOR is a conserved multi‐subunit complex that links transcription factors and RNA polymerase II and that thereby facilitates transcriptional initiation. Although the composition ...of MEDIATOR has been well studied in yeast and mammals, relatively little is known about the composition of MEDIATOR in plants. By affinity purification followed by mass spectrometry, we identified 28 conserved MEDIATOR subunits in Arabidopsis thaliana, including putative MEDIATOR subunits that were not previously validated. Our results indicated that MED34, MED35, MED36, and MED37 are not Arabidopsis MEDIATOR subunits, as previously proposed. Our results also revealed that two homologous CBP/p300 histone acetyltransferases, HAC1 and HAC5 (HAC1/5) are in fact plant‐specific MEDIATOR subunits. The MEDIATOR subunits MED8 and MED25 (MED8/25) are partially responsible for the association of MEDIATOR with HAC1/5, MED8/25 and HAC1/5 co‐regulate gene expression and thereby affect flowering time and floral development. Our in vitro observations indicated that MED8 and HAC1 form liquid‐like droplets by phase separation, and our in vivo observations indicated that these droplets co‐localize in the nuclear bodies at a subset of nuclei. The formation of liquid‐like droplets is required for MED8 to interact with RNA polymerase II. In summary, we have identified all of the components of Arabidopsis MEDIATOR and revealed the mechanism underlying the link of histone acetylation and transcriptional regulation.
The Arabidopsis CBP/p300 histone acetyltransferases function as MEDIATOR subunits and thereby link histone acetylation and transcriptional regulation.
Ivermectin (IVM) is an antiparasitic drug that is used worldwide and rescues hundreds of millions of people from onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis. It was discovered by Satoshi Ōmura and ...William C. Campbell, to whom the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded. It kills parasites by activating glutamate‐gated Cl− channels, and it also targets several ligand‐gated ion channels and receptors, including Cys‐loop receptors, P2X4 receptors and fernesoid X receptors. Recently, we found that IVM also activates a novel target, the G‐protein‐gated inwardly rectifying K+ channel, and also identified the structural determinant for the activation. In this review, we aim to provide an update and summary of recent progress in the identification of IVM targets, as well as their modulation mechanisms, through molecular structures, chimeras and site‐directed mutagenesis, and molecular docking and modelling studies.
The IVM‐binding site in Cys‐loop receptors and the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), and the predicted IVM‐binding site in the P2X4 receptor and the G‐protein‐gated inwardly rectifying K+ (GIRK) channel.
Cadmium (Cd) pollution is very common and serious in mangrove ecosystems in China. Zinc (Zn) has been used to reduce Cd accumulation in plants, and phenolic acid metabolism plays an important role in ...plant response to stress. In present study, in order to clarify whether Zn alleviates Cd toxicity in mangrove plants through phenolic acid metabolism, the Cd-contaminated
plants were treated with different concentrations of (0, 80,300, and 400 mg·kg
) ZnSO
in a set of pot experiments and the biomass, the contents of Cd, Zn, soluble sugar, chlorophyll and the activities of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), l-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), shikimic acid dehydrogenase (SKDH), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in the leaves were analyzed. The results showed that Cd contents in the leaves of
ranged from 0.077 to 0.197 mg·kg
under different treatments, and Zn contents ranged from 90.260 to 114.447 mg·kg
. Low-dose ZnSO
treatment (80 mg·kg
) performed significant positive effects on the biomass, phenolic acid metabolism-related enzyme activities, antioxidant capacity, and chlorophyll and soluble sugar contents in the leaves of Cd-contaminated mangrove plants. At the meantime, the addition of low-dose ZnSO
promoted the biosynthesis of hydroxycinnamic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, and enhanced the plant antioxidant capacity, thus alleviated Cd toxicity in mangrove plants.
This study proposed a novel construct - green core competence - to explore its positive effects on green innovation and green images of firms. The results showed that green core competences of firms ...were positively correlated to their green innovation performance and green images. In addition, this research also verified two types of green innovation performance had partial mediation effects between green core competences and green images of firms. Therefore, investment in the development of green core competence was helpful to businesses for the enhancement of their green innovation and green images. Furthermore, this study found that green core competence, two types of green innovation performance, and green images of medium & small enterprises (SMEs) were all significantly less than those of large enterprises in the information and electronics industry in Taiwan. Therefore, there was the advantage of firm size for the green core competence in this industry, and it was imperative for SMEs to develop and create their green core competences to strengthen their green innovation performance, and green images.
Small-molecule based fluorescent probes for Hg2+, Pb2+ and Cd2+ since 2003 concluded in this review.
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•Probes to detect toxic metal ions focused on Hg2+, Pb2+ and Cd2+ ...ions.•Fluorescent probes are subdivided according to sensing mechanism.•Reaction-based probes are listed separately.•Typical examples in cells are emphasized with colorful image.
Heavy-metal pollution, especially Hg2+, Pb2+ and Cd2+, have become a serious issue worldwide. Exposure to even very low concentrations of these metals will threaten human health and cause various illness. More seriously, these metals could not be biodegraded, and would gradually accumulate in environment as well as livingorganism. The development of rapid, accurate and economic methods to detect them is significant important to reduce or avoid exposure to these metals. Consequently, much effort has been dedicated to design and synthesize fluorescent probes that can selectively detect Hg2+, Pb2+ and Cd2+. Herein, we summarized recent small molecular fluorescent probes for these metals. To be helpful for rational design, these probes are divided into three types according to response modes (turn-off, turn-on, ratiometric probes) and are further subdivided according to sensing mechanism (PET, ICT, AIE and others). Especially, reaction-based probes are listed separately because of its good selectivity.
WRKY transcription factors in plants are known to be able to mediate either transcriptional activation or repression, but the mechanism regulating their transcriptional activity is largely unclear. ...We found that group IId WRKY transcription factors interact with OBERON (OBE) proteins, forming redundant WRKY-OBE complexes in Arabidopsis thaliana. The coiled-coil domain of WRKY transcription factors binds to OBE proteins and is responsible for target gene selection and transcriptional repression. The PHD finger of OBE proteins binds to both histones and WRKY transcription factors. WRKY-OBE complexes repress the transcription of numerous stress-responsive genes and are required for maintaining normal plant growth. Several WRKY and OBE mutants show reduced plant size and increased drought tolerance, accompanied by increased expression of stress-responsive genes. Moreover, expression levels of most of these WRKY and OBE genes are reduced in response to drought stress, revealing a previously uncharacterized regulatory mechanism of the drought stress response. These results suggest that WRKY-OBE complexes repress transcription of stress-responsive genes, and thereby balance plant growth and stress tolerance.
In recent years, solution‐processed lead trihalide perovskites have been widely used as semiconductors in photodetectors with their salient features of tunable direct bandgap, long carrier lifetime, ...extended diffusion length, and high carrier mobility, etc. For the photodetector application, perovskites with different structures ranging from the traditional 3D perovskites to the emerging 2D perovskites, to 1D nanowires, and to 0D quantum dots, have been synthesized. In this perspective, the recent advances in the strategies of preparing novel lead trihalide perovskites with different nanostructures are summarized together with an overview on their application in photodetectors including photoconductors, photodiodes, and phototransistors. The semiconductor selection and structure–performance relationships of various photodetectors over the past 5 years are discussed comprehensively. Finally, a brief summary as well as an in‐depth discussion regarding the current challenges and perspectives for the future development of perovskite‐based photodetectors is presented.
The recent advances in the synthetic strategies of lead trihalide perovskites with different nanostructures are summarized together with an overview on their application in photodetectors including photoconductors, photodiodes, and phototransistors. The structure–performance relationships of various photodetectors over the past five years are discussed comprehensively. Finally, the current challenges and perspectives for the future development of perovskite‐based photodetectors are provided.
The Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission, which is the newest L-band satellite that is specifically designed for soil moisture monitoring, was launched on January 31, 2015. A beta quality ...version of the SMAP radiometer soil moisture product was recently released to the public. It is crucial to evaluate the reliability of this product before it can be routinely used in hydrometeorological studies at a global scale. In this paper, we carried out a preliminary evaluation of the SMAP radiometer soil moisture product against in situ measurements collected from three networks that cover different climatic and land surface conditions, including two dense networks established in the U.S. and Finland, and one sparse network set up in Romania. Results show that the SMAP soil moisture product is in good agreement with the in situ measurements, although it exhibits dry or wet bias at different network regions. It well reproduces the temporal evolution and anomalies of the observed soil moisture with a favorable correlation greater than 0.7. The overall ubRMSE (unbiased root mean square error) of SMAP product is 0.036 m 3 · m -3 , well within the mission requirement of 0.04 m 3 · m -3 . The error sources of SMAP soil moisture product may be associated with the parameterization of vegetation and surface roughness but still needs to be tested and confirmed in more extent. Considering that the algorithms are still under refinement, it can be reasonably expected that hydrometeorological applications will benefit from the SMAP radiometer soil moisture product.
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