•Exogenous GABA induced resistance against P. expansum in apple fruit.•Exogenous GABA promoted endogenous GABA accumulation by up-regulating polyamine metabolism in apples.•The accumulation of ...endogenous GABA activated GABA shunt, enhanced ROS metabolism and enhanced disease resistance.
Apples were treated with γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) to investigate its effect on blue mold, reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism and GABA shunt. The results showed that GABA significantly inhibit blue mold of apples. Further studies demonstrated that GABA remarkably increased H2O2, ascorbic acid, and glutathione contents; superoxide dismutase, NADPH oxidase, catalase, glutathione reductase, ascorbate peroxidase, dehydroascorbate reductase, and monodehydroascorbate reductase activities in apple fruit. GABA also activated glutamate decarboxylase, glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamate synthase, while inhibited GABA transaminase and succinate hemialdehyde dehydrogenase in apples. GABA treatment increased endogenous GABA, pyruvic acid and glutamate contents in the fruit. In addition, exogenous GABA dipping up-regulated MdMT, MdMS, MdSAMS, MdSAMDC, MdODC, MdADC and MdSPDS, and down-regulated MdPAO and MdDAO in apples. These findings indicate that GABA enhances disease resistance in apples through regulation of GABA shunt, ROS and polyamine metabolism.
•RNA-Seq sequencing could providing a comprehensive data in G. biloba leaves•Salicylic acid can increase terpene trilactone content and physiological indicators•The 30 genes might involve in the ...terpene trilactone biosynthesis was identified•Revealing the regulation network of salicylic acid in promoting terpene trilactones
Salicylic acid (SA) is an important endogenous signaling molecule that can not only induce disease resistance but also improve the accumulation of secondary metabolites in plants. Terpene trilactones (TTLs) are unique bioactive components of Ginkgo biloba L. and it can antagonize platelet activating factors. In this study, SA treatment could increase TTL content as well as increase several other physiological indicators related to growth, photosynthetic parameters, starch and sucrose content, antioxidant enzyme activity, and endogenous hormone content in G. biloba. Furthermore, comparative transcriptome analysis between the SA-treated and control was used to reveal the molecular regulation of SA on TTL biosynthesis. RNA-Seq analysis identified 249 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the SA treatment and CK group. Up-regulation of three DEGs (BMY1, BMY2, and AMY) related to the starch and sucrose metabolism pathway accelerated the oxidative decomposition of sugar to release energy for biosynthesis. Two up-regulated (PetF and Lhcb1) and two down-regulated (Lhcb2-1 and Lhcb2-2) genes involved in the photosynthesis pathway may contribute to TTL biosynthesis. SA-regulated genes may alter antioxidant enzyme activity and endogenous hormone content levels to facilitate TTL biosynthesis. Among these DEGs, candidate structural genes (HMGR, CYP450, CPR, and TPS) and transcription factors (MYB and WRKY) played key roles in SA-promoted TTL accumulation in G. biloba. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis verified the expression patterns of all of the selected DEGs. The results provide novel insights into the transcriptional regulatory mechanism of the promotive effect of SA on TTL biosynthesis in G. biloba.
Abstract Hydrogen energy is an important means of achieving decarbonization goals. Hydrogen fuel cells have broad application prospects due to their high-power output and wide temperature range. To ...improve the heat dissipation capacity of the fuel cell thermal management system, this paper establishes a simulation model of a 60kw fuel cell. The performance of the fuel cell engine thermal management system model under optimal operating parameters is studied by taking the temperature of the inlet and outlet water of the stack as the observation value. This is significant in improving the thermal environment of the fuel cell engine and ensuring its safe and efficient operation.
Terpenoids are the main active components in the Zanthoxylum armatum leaves, which have extensive medicinal value. The Z. armatum leaf is the main by‐product in the Z. armatum industry. However, the ...transcription factors involved in the biosynthesis of terpenoids are rarely reported. This study was performed to identify and classify the APETALA2/ethylene‐responsive factor (AP2/ERF) gene family of Z. armatum. The chromosome distribution, gene structure, conserved motifs, and cis‐acting elements of the promoter of the species were also comprehensively analyzed. A total of 214 ZaAP2/ERFs were identified. From the obtained transcriptome and terpenoid content data, four candidate ZaAP2/ERFs involved in the biosynthesis of terpenoids were selected via correlation and weighted gene co‐expression network analysis. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using 13 AP2/ERFs related to the biosynthesis of terpenoids in other plants. ZaERF063 and ZaERF166 showed close evolutionary relationships with the ERFs in other plant species and shared a high AP2‐domain sequence similarity with the two closest AP2/ERF proteins, namelySmERF8 from Salvia miltiorrhiza and AaERF4 from Artemisia annua. Further investigation into the effects of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment on the content of terpenoids in Z. armatum leaves revealed that MeJA significantly induced the upregulation of ZaERF166 and led to a significant increase in the terpenoids content in Z. armatum leaves, indicating that ZaERF166 might be involved in the accumulation of terpenoids of Z. armatum. Results will be beneficial for the functional characterization of AP2/ERFs in Z. armatum and establishment of the theoretical foundation to increase the production of terpenoids via the manipulation of the regulatory elements and strengthen the development and utilization of Z. armatum leaves.
Core Ideas
A total of 214 APETALA2/ethylene‐responsive factors (AP2/ERFs) have been identified in the genome of Zanthoxylum armatum.
Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment significantly enhanced the content of terpenoids in Z. armatum leaves.
ZaERF166 was significantly upregulated by MeJA induction.
ZaERF166 may be involved in the regulation of terpenoid synthesis in Z. armatum leaves.
Fraxinus hupehensis is an endangered tree species that is endemic to in China; the species has very high commercial value because of its intricate shape and potential to improve and protect the ...environment. Its seeds show very low germination rates in natural conditions. Preliminary experiments indicated that gibberellin (GA
) effectively stimulated the seed germination of F. hupehensis. However, little is known about the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of GA
on F. hupehensis seed germination.
We compared dormant seeds (CK group) and germinated seeds after treatment with water (W group) and GA
(G group) in terms of seed vigor and several other physiological indicators related to germination, hormone content, and transcriptomics. Results showed that GA
treatment increases seed vigor, energy requirements, and trans-Zetain (ZT) and GA
contents but decreases sugar and abscisic acid (ABA) contents. A total of 116,932 unigenes were obtained from F. hupehensis transcriptome. RNA-seq analysis identified 31,856, 33,188 and 2056 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the W and CK groups, the G and CK groups, and the G and W groups, respectively. Up-regulation of eight selected DEGs of the glycolytic pathway accelerated the oxidative decomposition of sugar to release energy for germination. Up-regulated genes involved in ZT (two genes) and GA
(one gene) biosynthesis, ABA degradation pathway (one gene), and ABA signal transduction (two genes) may contribute to seed germination. Two down-regulated genes associated with GA
signal transduction were also observed in the G group. GA
-regulated genes may alter hormone levels to facilitate germination. Candidate transcription factors played important roles in GA
-promoted F. hupehensis seed germination, and Quantitative Real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis verified the expression patterns of these genes.
Exogenous GA
increased the germination rate, vigor, and water absorption rate of F. hupehensis seeds. Our results provide novel insights into the transcriptional regulation mechanism of effect of exogenous GA
on F. hupehensis seed germination. The transcriptome data generated in this study may be used for further molecular research on this unique species.
Abstract
Abstarct. The indoor positioning based on wireless sensor networks (WSN) has become one of the research hotpots. However, the NLOS propagation of the distance signals greatly challenges the ...accuracy and robustness of the algorithm. In this paper, we take the suppression of NLOS as the core goal and proposed the FCM-REKF-based positioning method. We firstly identify the signal states through the fuzzy c-means clustering (FCM), for the measurement distance judged to be NLOS, a refactoring method based on FCM is used. Then the corrected distance is smoothed by Kalman filter, and the Robust Extended Kalman Filter is used to calculate the final position. The simulation results show that our method has higher accuracy than EKF, REKF and IMM-EKF under NLOS environment.
Oriented R-CNN and Beyond Xie, Xingxing; Cheng, Gong; Wang, Jiabao ...
International journal of computer vision,
07/2024, Volume:
132, Issue:
7
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Currently, two-stage oriented detectors are superior to single-stage competitors in accuracy, but the step of generating oriented proposals is still time-consuming, thus hindering the inference ...speed. This paper proposes an Oriented Region Proposal Network (Oriented RPN) to produce high-quality oriented proposals in a nearly cost-free manner. To this end, we present a novel representation manner of oriented objects, named midpoint offset representation, which avoids the complicated design of oriented proposal generation network. Built on Oriented RPN, we develop a simple yet effective oriented object detection framework, called Oriented R-CNN, which could accurately and efficiently detect oriented objects. Moreover, we extend Oriented R-CNN to the task of instance segmentation and realize a new proposal-based instance segmentation method, termed Oriented Mask R-CNN. Without bells and whistles, Oriented R-CNN achieves state-of-the-art accuracy on all seven commonly-used oriented object detection datasets. More importantly, our method has the fastest speed among all detectors. For instance segmentation, Oriented Mask R-CNN also achieves the top results on the large-scale aerial instance segmentation dataset, named iSAID. We hope our methods could serve as solid baselines for oriented object detection and instance segmentation. Code is available at
https://github.com/jbwang1997/OBBDetection
.
Chemical synthesis is state-of-the-art, and, therefore, it is generally based on chemical intuition or experience of researchers. The upgraded paradigm that incorporates automation technology and ...machine learning (ML) algorithms has recently been merged into almost every subdiscipline of chemical science, from material discovery to catalyst/reaction design to synthetic route planning, which often takes the form of unmanned systems. The ML algorithms and their application scenarios in unmanned systems for chemical synthesis were presented. The prospects for strengthening the connection between reaction pathway exploration and the existing automatic reaction platform and solutions for improving autonomation through information extraction, robots, computer vision, and intelligent scheduling were proposed.
•Moral goodness judgment and moral beauty judgment recruited the common brain activity in the left inferior OFC.•Moral goodness judgment mainly relied on the emotional facet of moral cognition, but ...moral beauty judgment relied on both the rational and emotional components of moral cognition.•Moral beauty judgment induced greater brain activity implicated in theory of mind (ToM), suggesting that it needs to understand the others` mental states but moral goodness judgment does not.•Moral beauty judgment also activated a cortical network that is considered mainly responsible for the processing of empathy, indicating that it involves empathic concerns for others.•The brain harbors neural systems for common and for domain-specific evaluations for moral goodness and moral beauty judgments.
The objects of moral goodness and moral beauty judgments both generally refer to the positive moral acts or virtues of humans, and goodness must precede moral beauty. The main difference is that moral beauty, but not moral goodness, triggers emotional elevation. However, little is known about the neural mechanisms involved in both judgments. In the current study, 28 healthy female participants were scanned when they rated the good and beautiful extent of positive moral acts in daily life depicted in scene drawings to investigate the neural systems supporting moral goodness and moral beauty, specifically to test whether neural activity associated with moral beauty is same or different than moral goodness. The conjunction analysis of the contrasts between moral goodness judgment and moral beauty judgment identified the involvement of the left inferior orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), suggesting that the two judgments recruited the activity of a common brain region. Importantly, compared with the moral goodness judgment, the moral beauty judgment induced greater activity in more advanced cortical regions implicated in elevated emotions, including the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), superior frontal gyrus (SFG) and the left temporo-parietal junction (TPJ). These regions have been strongly correlated with the cognitive aspects of moral cognition, including theory of mind (ToM). In addition, moral beauty judgment also activated brain regions implicated in empathy including the midline structures and the anterior insula. Based on these results, the brain harbors neural systems for common and for domain-specific evaluations of moral goodness and moral beauty judgments. Our study thus provides novel and compelling neural evidence for the essence of moral beauty and advances the current knowledge of the neural mechanisms underlying the beauty-is-good stereotype.
Are beauty and goodness the same? The relationship between beauty and goodness has long been a controversial issue in the fields of philosophy, aesthetics, ethics and psychology. Although many ...empirical studies have explored moral judgment and aesthetic judgment separately, only a few studies have compared the two. Whether these two judgments are two different processes or the same process with two different labels remains unclear. To answer this question, the present study directly compared the influence of facial attractiveness on judgments of moral goodness and moral beauty and revealed distinct contributions of imaging perceptions to these two judgments. The results showed that in the moral beauty judgment task, participants gave higher scores to characters with attractive faces compared with characters with unattractive faces, and larger P200 and LPP were elicited in the unattractive-face condition compared with the attractive-face condition; while in the moral goodness judgment task, there was no significant difference between the two conditions of either behaviour or ERP data. These findings offer important insights into the understanding and comparison of the processes of moral judgment and aesthetic judgment.
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