After immunization with A/New Jersey/76 and A/Victoria/75 influenza vaccines, 11 patients with systemic lupud erythematosus were serially evaluated for changes in disease activity, serologic ...abnormalities, and their capability to generate specific antibodies. One patient, with active disease, developed a diffuse, proliferative glomerulonephritis. None of the other patients or control subjects had significant local or systemic side effects. Significant levels of antibodies were generated to A/New Jersey/76 in eight of the 11 patients and in seven of eight control subjects and to A/Victoria/75 in seven of 11 patients and five of eight control subjects. The geometric mean responses of both total and IgG antibodies to each viral antigen were no different in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus than in control subjects. In patients with stable systemic lupus erythematosus, immunization with killed influenza viral vaccine appears to be safe and effective.
Although the potential of satellite communication for education is vast, the prospect of direct broadcasting via satellites has been anticipated by the international community with concern for the ...impact that misuse of the technology might have on national cultures. That concern has prompted a strenuous debate regarding the legal principles that should govern international direct broadcasting, and has given rise to three basic conflicting positions: one advocating both a code of conduct and a requirement that a recipient country consent to broadcasts; another emphasizing the principle of free flow of information; and, a third compromising on a regime of consent. Today prospects for early progress in direct satellite broadcasting lie in the development of regional and multi-national systems. Resolution of the problems affecting these systems, namely, the application of substantive international legal principles, the problem of spill-over, and the nature of regional or multi-national arrangements, presents both a challenge and an opportunity to demonstrate that satellites can be used to disseminate information and education, while at the same time maintaining respect for national cultures. This paper addresses these problems and attempts to resolve them by suggesting an approach for integrating humanistic priorities into the process of shaping international law governing the use of satellite telecommunications.
Effects of 0.5 mg/liter zinc (Zn) and snail grazing (400 snails/m2) on density of dominant algal and protozoan taxa, epilithic glucose respiration, and ash-free dry weight (AFDW) were examined using ...established (12-day colonization) periphyton communities in flow-through stream mesocosms with four treatments (Zn, snails, Zn and snails, control) for 30 days. Grazing and Zn similarly reduced the abundance of 5 of 10 dominant algal taxa and AFDW during the first 10 days of treatment. Abundance of these taxa and AFDW in grazed (ambient Zn) treatments approached control levels after 10 days as the effect due to snails decreased. Decreasing temperatures may have reduced snail activity. Snails, Zn, and the combination of these treatments contributed to higher rates of glucose respiration per unit AFDW. Protozoan species abundance was reduced to less than half by Zn but was unaffected by snails. Although Zn and snails individually altered structural and functional aspects of this microbial community, the effects when both treatments were combined could not always be inferred from the individual effects. Testing individual and combined variables that affect periphyton with a corresponding assessment of population dynamics, biomass, and community functional attributes will enhance understanding of the overall effects of pollutants on periphyton communities.
Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) was extracted from 54 human amniotic fluids for the assessment of fetal lung maturity. The PG values were derived from an enzymatic assay involving initial conversion of PG ...to glycerol by phospholipase C and alkaline phosphatase with subsequent analysis of the glycerol formed. This method proved to be reliable when compared with a method for two-dimensional thin layer chromatographic (2D TLC) analysis of amniotic fluid phospholipids. The results revealed that in all but one of 27 amniotic fluids in which no PG was detected by 2D TLC, enzymatic PG concentrations were less than or equal to 1.5 mumol/l and out of these, from 10 newborn infants delivered within 72 h of sampling, 4 developed respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Conversely, in all but one of 27 amniotic fluids found to contain PG by 2D TLC, enzymatic PG concentrations were greater than 1.5 mumol/l and except for one subject from non-identical twins, no infants developed RDS.
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