Current and former dementia policies in the United Kingdom (UK) recommend diagnosing dementia early, or as close to the onset of symptoms as possible. Informal caregivers play an important role in ...initiating the diagnostic process and providing support to people living with dementia. Therefore, this study aimed to explore caregiver perceptions of the benefits of an early diagnosis.
We conducted semi-structured interviews with 12 current and former informal caregivers to people with dementia in the UK in 2020. We analysed the interviews using thematic analysis.
Benefits of an early diagnosis included: (1) protecting the person with dementia from financial or physical harm, (2) timely decision-making, and (3) access to services and treatments following a diagnosis. We identified three conditions necessary for the benefits of an early diagnosis to be felt: (1) adequate prognostic information, (2) someone to advocate on behalf of the person with dementia, and (3) a willingness to seek and accept the diagnosis.
In this study, we identified how diagnosing dementia close to the onset of symptoms could be beneficial and the conditions necessary for these benefits to be felt. The findings highlight the importance of an early diagnosis for enabling people with dementia and caregivers to make practical arrangements and to access services. Further research is needed to build on the findings of this study by exploring the perspectives of people with dementia and by including a larger, more diverse sample of caregivers.
The Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is a commonly used psychometric scale of depression. A four-factor structure (depressed affect, positive affect, somatic symptoms, and ...interpersonal difficulties) was initially identified in an American sample aged 18 to 65. Despite emerging evidence, a latent structure has not been established in adolescents. This review aimed to investigate the factor structure of the CES-D in adolescents.
We searched Web of Science, PsychINFO and Scopus and included peer-reviewed, original studies assessing the factor structure of the 20-item CES-D in adolescents aged ≤18. Two independent researchers screened results and extracted data.
Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria and were primarily from school-based samples in the USA or Asia. Studies that conducted confirmatory factor analysis (CFA; n = 9) reported a four-factor structure consistent with the original factor structure; these studies were primarily USA-based. Conversely, studies that conducted exploratory factor analysis (EFA) reported distinct two or three factor structures (n = 4) and were primarily based in Asia.
Studies in a non-English language and those that included individuals aged > 18 years were excluded. Ethnic or cultural differences as well as different analytical methods impacted generalisability of results. The use of CFA as the primary analysis may have biased towards a four-factor structure.
A four-factor CES-D structure was an appropriate fit for adolescents in Western countries; further research is required to determine the fit in in Asian countries. This has important implications for clinical use of the scale. Future research should consider how cultural differences shape the experience of depression in adolescents.
STIs in older adults (adults aged 50 years and older) are on the rise due to variable levels of sex literacy and misperceived susceptibility to infections, among other factors. We systematically ...reviewed evidence on the effect of non-pharmacological interventions for the primary prevention of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and high-risk sexual behaviour in older adults.
We searched EMBASE, MEDLINE, PSYCINFO, Global Health and the Cochrane Library from inception until March 9th, 2022. We included RCTs, cluster-randomised trials, quasi-RCTs, interrupted time series (ITS) and controlled and uncontrolled before-and-after studies of non-pharmacological primary prevention interventions (e.g. educational and behaviour change interventions) in older adults, reporting either qualitative or quantitative findings. At least two review authors independently assessed the eligibility of articles and extracted data on main characteristics, risk of bias and study findings. Narrative synthesis was performed.
Ten studies (two RCTs, seven quasi-experiment studies and one qualitative study) were found to be eligible for this review. These interventions were mainly information, education and communication activities (IECs) aimed at fostering participants' knowledge on STIs and safer sex, mostly focused on HIV. Most studies used self-reported outcomes measuring knowledge and behaviour change related to HIV, STIs and safer sex. Studies generally reported an increase in STI/HIV knowledge. However, risk of bias was high or critical across all studies.
Literature on non-pharmacological interventions for older adults is sparse, particularly outside the US and for STIs other than HIV. There is evidence that IECs may improve short-term knowledge about STIs however, it is not clear this translates into long-term improvement or behaviour change as all studies included in this review had follow-up times of 3 months or less. More robust and higher-quality studies are needed in order to confirm the effectiveness of non-pharmacological primary prevention interventions for reducing STIs in the older adult population.
Individuals from minority ethnic groups in the UK are thought to be at higher risk of developing dementia while facing additional barriers to receiving timely care. However, few studies in the UK ...have examined if there are ethnic disparities in survival once individuals receive a dementia diagnosis.
We conducted a retrospective cohort study using electronic health record data of individuals diagnosed with dementia from a large secondary mental healthcare provider in London. Patients from Black African, Black Caribbean, South Asian, White British, and White Irish ethnic backgrounds were followed up for a 10-year period between 01 January 2008 and 31 December 2017. Data were linked to death certificate data from the Office of National Statistics to determine survival from dementia diagnosis. Standardised mortality ratios were calculated to estimate excess deaths in each ethnicity group as compared to the gender- and age-standardised population of England and Wales. We used Cox regression models to compare survival after dementia diagnosis across each ethnicity group.
Mortality was elevated at least twofold across all ethnicity groups with dementia compared to the general population in England and Wales. Risk of death was lower in Black Caribbean, Black African, White Irish, and South Asian groups as compared to the White British population, even after adjusting for age, gender, neighbourhood-level deprivation, indicators of mental and physical comorbidities. Risk of death remained lower after additionally accounting for those who emigrated out of the cohort.
While mortality in dementia is elevated across all ethnic groups as compared to the general population, reasons for longer survival in minority ethnic groups in the UK as compared to the White British group are unclear and merit further exploration. Implications of longer survival, including carer burden and costs, should be considered in policy and planning to ensure adequate support for families and carers of individuals with dementia.
Aims We assessed the use of the endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) capture stent in primary percutaneous intervention in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Methods and Results One hundred and ...twenty patients with acute STEMI without cardiogenic shock received 129 EPC capture stents. Procedural success was achieved in 95% of patients. Dual antiplatelet therapy was given for a month and statin therapy started immediately after the procedure. The study end points are major adverse cardiac events inhospital and at 30 days, 6 months, and 1 year. Hypertension was present in 47.5% and diabetes mellitus in 30% of the patients. The left anterior descending artery was the treated artery in 54% of the patients. Mean lesion length was 17.4 ± 7.15 mm with mean reference vessel diameter of 3.18 ± 0.6 mm. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor was used in 14% of patients and 58% had thrombosuction before stent implantation. Ninety-five percent of patients achieved Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 3 flow with cumulative major adverse cardiac event rate at 1.6% inhospital, 4.2% at 30 days, 5.8% at 6 months, and 9.2% at 1 year. There was 1 patient each with acute and subacute stent thrombosis but no incidence of late stent thrombosis. Conclusion Using EPC capture stent during primary percutaneous coronary intervention for STEMI is feasible and safe.
The endothelial progenitor cell (EPC)-capture stent promotes endothelialization and preliminary studies have suggested its safety and feasibility in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). ...Detailed late clinical follow-up and angiographic analyses are, however, limited. We sought to determine late angiographic and clinical outcomes of the Genous EPC-capture stent in primary angioplasty. EPC-capture stents were implanted during primary angioplasty in 489 consecutive patients presenting with STEMI from 2004 through 2008. The first 100 consenting patients undergoing successful stent implantation scheduled to undergo relook coronary angiography at 6 to 12 months were enrolled. Ninety-five patients with 96 lesions were analyzed independently. Mean duration of follow-up coronary angiography was 245 days. In-stent late luminal loss measured 0.87 ± 0.67 mm. Binary restenosis (defined as >50% diameter stenosis) was 28%, with diffuse in-stent restenosis (Mehran class II) as the predominant pattern. Of 27 patients with binary restenosis, 14 (52%) were symptomatic, with 10 patients undergoing target lesion revascularization. Asymptomatic patients had significantly larger reference vessel and in-stent minimal luminal diameters (2.77 ± 0.39 vs 2.54 ± 0.44 mm, p = 0.040; 2.74 ± 0.34 vs 2.31 ± 0.72 mm, p = 0.004, respectively). Follow-up late loss and diameter stenoses were also in favor of the asymptomatic group. Major adverse cardiac event rate was 16% at a mean follow-up of 34 months. There were no cases of Academic Research Consortium–defined stent thrombosis. In conclusion, implantation of the EPC-capture stent during primary angioplasty is associated with a favorable late clinical outcome but with higher than anticipated angiographic late loss.
ObjectivesNon-pharmacological treatments are an important aspect of dementia care. A wide range of interventions have been trialled for mild dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). However, the ...variety of outcome measures used in these trials makes it difficult to make meaningful comparisons. The objective of this study is to map trends in which outcome measures are used in trials of non-pharmacological treatments in MCI and mild dementia.DesignScoping review.Data sourcesEMBASE, PsychINFO, Medline and the Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials were searched from inception until February 2018. An additional search was conducted in April 2019EligibilityWe included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) testing non-pharmacological interventions for people diagnosed with MCI or mild dementia. Studies were restricted to full RCTs; observational, feasibility and pilot studies were not included.Charting methodsAll outcome measures used by included studies were extracted and grouped thematically. Trends in the types of outcome measures used were explored by type of intervention, country and year of publication.Results91 studies were included in this review. We extracted 358 individual outcome measures, of which 78 (22%) were used more than once. Cognitive measures were the most frequently used, with the Mini-Mental State Examination being the most popular.ConclusionsOur findings highlight an inconsistency in the use of outcome measures. Cognition has been prioritised over other domains, despite previous research highlighting the importance of quality of life and caregiver measures. To ensure a robust evidence base, more research is needed to highlight which outcome measures should be used over others.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42018102649.
Purpose
This systematic review aims to synthesise the evidence on behavioural and attitudinal patterns as well as barriers and enablers in Filipino formal help-seeking.
Methods
Using PRISMA ...framework, 15 studies conducted in 7 countries on Filipino help-seeking were appraised through narrative synthesis.
Results
Filipinos across the world have general reluctance and unfavourable attitude towards formal help-seeking despite high rates of psychological distress. They prefer seeking help from close family and friends. Barriers cited by Filipinos living in the Philippines include financial constraints and inaccessibility of services, whereas overseas Filipinos were hampered by immigration status, lack of health insurance, language difficulty, experience of discrimination and lack of acculturation to host culture. Both groups were hindered by self and social stigma attached to mental disorder, and by concern for loss of face, sense of shame, and adherence to Asian values of conformity to norms where mental illness is considered unacceptable. Filipinos are also prevented from seeking help by their sense of resilience and self-reliance, but this is explored only in qualitative studies. They utilize special mental health care only as the last resort or when problems become severe. Other prominent facilitators include perception of distress, influence of social support, financial capacity and previous positive experience in formal help.
Conclusion
We confirmed the low utilization of mental health services among Filipinos regardless of their locations, with mental health stigma as primary barrier, while resilience and self-reliance as coping strategies were cited in qualitative studies. Social support and problem severity were cited as prominent facilitators.
STIs in older adults (adults aged 50 years and older) are on the rise due to variable levels of sex literacy and misperceived susceptibility to infections, among other factors. We systematically ...reviewed evidence on the effect of non-pharmacological interventions for the primary prevention of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and high-risk sexual behaviour in older adults. We searched EMBASE, MEDLINE, PSYCINFO, Global Health and the Cochrane Library from inception until March 9.sup.th, 2022. We included RCTs, cluster-randomised trials, quasi-RCTs, interrupted time series (ITS) and controlled and uncontrolled before-and-after studies of non-pharmacological primary prevention interventions (e.g. educational and behaviour change interventions) in older adults, reporting either qualitative or quantitative findings. At least two review authors independently assessed the eligibility of articles and extracted data on main characteristics, risk of bias and study findings. Narrative synthesis was performed. Ten studies (two RCTs, seven quasi-experiment studies and one qualitative study) were found to be eligible for this review. These interventions were mainly information, education and communication activities (IECs) aimed at fostering participants' knowledge on STIs and safer sex, mostly focused on HIV. Most studies used self-reported outcomes measuring knowledge and behaviour change related to HIV, STIs and safer sex. Studies generally reported an increase in STI/HIV knowledge. However, risk of bias was high or critical across all studies. Literature on non-pharmacological interventions for older adults is sparse, particularly outside the US and for STIs other than HIV. There is evidence that IECs may improve short-term knowledge about STIs however, it is not clear this translates into long-term improvement or behaviour change as all studies included in this review had follow-up times of 3 months or less. More robust and higher-quality studies are needed in order to confirm the effectiveness of non-pharmacological primary prevention interventions for reducing STIs in the older adult population.
Objectives
Although there are disparities in both risk of developing dementia and accessibility of dementia services for certain minority ethnic groups in the United States and United Kingdom, ...disparities in survival after a dementia diagnosis are less well‐studied. Our objective was to systematically review the literature to investigate racial/ethnic differences in survival and mortality in dementia.
Methods
We searched Embase, Ovid MEDLINE, Global Health and PsycINFO from inception to November 2018 for studies comparing survival or mortality over time in at least two race/ethnicity groups. Studies from any country were included but analysed separately. We used narrative synthesis and random‐effects meta‐analysis to synthesise findings. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale was used to assess quality and risk of bias in individual studies.
Results
We identified 22 articles, most from the United States (n = 17), as well as the United Kingdom (n = 3) and the Netherlands (n = 1). In a meta‐analysis of US studies, hazard of mortality was lower in Black/African American groups (Pooled Hazard Ratio = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.82–0.91, I2 = 17%, from four studies) and Hispanic/Latino groups (Pooled HR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.50–0.84, I2 = 86%, from four studies) versus comparison groups. However, study quality was mixed, and in particular, quality of reporting of race/ethnicity was inconsistent.
Conclusion
Literature indicates that Black/African American and Hispanic/Latino groups may experience lower mortality in dementia versus comparison groups in the United States, but further research, using clearer and more and consistent reporting of race/ethnicity, is necessary to understand what drives these patterns and their implications for policy and practice.
Key points
Despite evidence that some minority race/ethnicity groups are at higher risk of developing dementia and face barriers to accessing care, racial/ethnic differences in survival following a dementia diagnosis are not widely studied, particularly outside the United States
In the United States, Black/African American and Hispanic/Latino groups may have lower hazard of dying after dementia diagnosis versus comparison groups, similar to survival patterns in populations without dementia
However, studies do not always clearly describe how race/ethnicity is defined or ascertained, affecting interpretability of results
Future research should consider mechanisms driving survival differences and implications of longer survival, including financial and caregiving impacts on families
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