Cytokine signals are central to the differentiation of thymocytes and their stepwise progression through defined developmental stages. The intensity and duration of cytokine signals are regulated by ...the suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS) proteins. A clear role for SOCS1 during the later stages of thymopoiesis has been established, but little is known about its role during early thymopoiesis, nor the function of its closest relative, SOCS3. Here, we find that both SOCS1 and SOCS3 are expressed during early thymopoiesis, with expression coincident during the double negative (DN)2 and DN3 stages. We examined thymocyte differentiation in vitro by co-culture of SOCS-deficient bone marrow cells with OP9 cells expressing the Notch ligand Delta-like1 (OP9-DL1). Cells lacking SOCS1 were retarded at the DN3:DN4 transition and appeared unable to differentiate into double positive (DP) thymocytes. Cells lacking both SOCS1 and SOCS3 were more severely affected, and displayed an earlier block in T cell differentiation at DN2, the stage at which expression of SOCS1 and SOCS3 coincides. This indicates that, in addition to their specific roles, SOCS1 and SOCS3 share overlapping roles during thymopoiesis. This is the first demonstration of functional redundancy within the SOCS family, and has uncovered a vital role for SOCS1 and SOCS3 during two important checkpoints in early T cell development.
The stellar mass Tully-Fisher relation (STFR) and its scatter encode valuable information about the processes shaping galaxy evolution across cosmic time. However, we are still missing a proper ...quantification of the STFR slope and scatter dependence on the baryonic tracer used to quantify rotational velocity, on the velocity measurement radius and on galaxy integrated properties. We present a catalogue of stellar and ionised gas (traced by H\(\alpha\) emission) kinematic measurements for a sample of galaxies drawn from the MaNGA Galaxy Survey, providing an ideal tool for galaxy formation model calibration and for comparison with high-redshift studies. We compute the STFRs for stellar and gas rotation at 1, 1.3 and 2 effective radii (\(R_e\)). The relations for both baryonic components become shallower at 2\(R_e\) compared to 1\(R_e\) and 1.3\(R_e\). We report a steeper STFR for the stars in the inner parts (\(\leq 1.3 R_e\)) compared to the gas. At 2\(R_e\), the relations for the two components are consistent. When accounting for covariances with integrated v/\(\sigma\), scatter in the stellar and gas STFRs shows no strong correlation with: optical morphology, star formation rate surface density, tidal interaction strength or gas accretion signatures. Our results suggest that the STFR scatter is driven by an increase in stellar/gas dispersional support, from either external (mergers) or internal (feedback) processes. No correlation between STFR scatter and environment is found. Nearby Universe galaxies have their stars and gas in statistically different states of dynamical equilibrium in the inner parts (\(\leq 1.3 R_e\)), while at 2\(R_{e}\) the two components are dynamically coupled.
We use the observed cumulative statistics of CIV absorbers and dark matter halos to infer the distribution of CIV-absorbing gas relative to galaxies at redshifts \(0\!\leq\!z\!\leq\!5\). We compare ...the cosmic incidence \(dN/dX\) of CIV absorber populations and galaxy halos, finding that massive \(L \geq L_{\star}\) halos alone cannot account for all the observed \(W_r \geq 0.05\)~Å absorbers. However, the \(dN/dX\) of lower mass halos exceeds that of \(W_r \geq 0.05\)~Å absorbers. We also estimate the characteristic gas radius of absorbing structures required for the observed CIV \(dN/dX\), assuming each absorber is associated with a single galaxy halo. The \(W_r \geq 0.3\)~Å and \(W_r \geq 0.6\)~Å CIV gas radii are \(\sim30-70\%\) (\(\sim20-40\%\)) of the virial radius of \(L_{\star}\) (\(0.1L_{\star}\)) galaxies, and the \(W_r \geq 0.05\)~Å gas radius is \(\sim100-150\%\)(\(\sim60-100\%\)) of the virial radius of \(L_{\star}\) (\(0.1L_{\star}\)) galaxies. For stronger absorbers, the gas radius relative to virial radius rises across Cosmic Noon and falls afterwards, while for weaker absorbers, the relative gas radius declines across Cosmic Noon and then dramatically rises at \(z\!<\!1\). A strong luminosity-dependence of gas radius implies highly extended CIV envelopes around massive galaxies before Cosmic Noon, while a luminosity-independent gas radius implies highly extended envelopes around dwarf galaxies after Cosmic Noon. From available absorber-galaxy and CIV evolution data, we favor a scenario in which low-mass galaxies enrich the volume around massive galaxies at early epochs and propose that the outer halo gas (\(>0.5R_v\)) was produced primarily in ancient satellite dwarf galaxy outflows, while the inner halo gas (\(<0.5R_v\)) originated from the central galaxy and persists as recycled accreting gas.
Intestinal glucose absorption occurs via Na+-dependent glucose cotransporters (SGLT1) located in the luminal membrane of enterocytes and is driven by an electrochemical gradient maintained by Na+/K+ ...ATPase located on the basolateral membrane. Twenty percent of whole animal energy expenditures can be accounted for by the gastrointestinal tract, most of which is the result of Na+/K+ ATPase function. Active intestinal glucose transport is regulated by a number of gastrointestinal peptides such as epidermal growth factor (EGF) and peptide YY (PYY). PYY and EGF can upregulate intestinal glucose absorption by as much as 200-300%. Of special interest is the fact that the energetic costs of intestinal tissue function can vary in relationship to the amount of glucose transported. This value termed "apparent energetic efficiency of glucose uptake" (APEE) may be of value in evaluating the energetic costs of glucose and other nutrients during various physiological and nutritional states. Recent studies suggest that intensive genetic selection for production traits in poultry may result in intestinal absorption being rate-limiting for full phenotypic expression of these traits. Further research is needed to clarify this issue.
We infer the intrinsic ionised gas kinematics for 383 star-forming galaxies
across a range of integrated star-formation rates (SFR $\in 10^{-3}, 10^2$
M$_\odot$ yr$^{-1}$) at $z \lesssim 0.1$ using a ...consistent 3D
forward-modelling technique. The total sample is a combination of galaxies from
the SAMI Galaxy Survey and DYNAMO survey. For typical low-$z$ galaxies taken
from the SAMI Galaxy Survey, we find the vertical velocity dispersion
($\sigma_{v, z}$) to be positively correlated with measures of star-formation
rate, stellar mass, HI gas mass, and rotational velocity. The greatest
correlation is with star-formation rate surface density ($\Sigma_\text{SFR}$).
Using the total sample, we find $\sigma_{v, z}$ increases slowly as a function
of integrated star-formation rate in the range SFR $\in$ $10^{-3}$, 1
M$_\odot$ yr$^{-1}$ from $17\pm3$ km s$^{-1}$ to $24\pm5$ km s$^{-1}$ followed
by a steeper increase up to $\sigma_{v, z}$ $\sim 80$ km s$^{-1}$ for SFR
$\gtrsim 1$ M$_\odot$ yr$^{-1}$. This is consistent with recent theoretical
models that suggest a $\sigma_{v, z}$ floor driven by star-formation feedback
processes with an upturn in $\sigma_{v, z}$ at higher SFR driven by
gravitational transport of gas through the disc.
Autonomously functioning thyroid nodules (AFTNs) in children and adolescents (under age 18) are unusual but are not as rare as earlier reports suggested. These lesions have a significantly different ...biologic potential than similar lesions in older patients. In the younger age group there is a more rapid progression toward toxicity and a higher incidence of thyroid carcinoma. Our experience with 12 patients is combined with those previously reported for identification of a total of 61 children and adolescents with AFTNs, of whom 53 have undergone operation. Hyperthyroidism was present in 15 patients (24.6%), and in six patients (11.3%) the AFTN was due to a well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Surgical treatment is advisable for all children and adolescents with AFTNs because of the risks of hyperthyroidism and thyroid carcinoma. Surgical excision (lobectomy is preferred) results in rapid restoration of a euthyroid state for the toxic AFTN and allows histopathologic diagnosis. Therapy with radioiodine is not advisable for treatment of AFTNs in this age group. Thyroid-stimulating hormone suppression should be used for all patients with a diagnosis of thyroid carcinoma.
We infer the intrinsic ionised gas kinematics for 383 star-forming galaxies across a range of integrated star-formation rates (SFR \(\in 10^{-3}, 10^2\) M\(_\odot\) yr\(^{-1}\)) at \(z \lesssim 0.1\) ...using a consistent 3D forward-modelling technique. The total sample is a combination of galaxies from the SAMI Galaxy Survey and DYNAMO survey. For typical low-\(z\) galaxies taken from the SAMI Galaxy Survey, we find the vertical velocity dispersion (\(\sigma_{v, z}\)) to be positively correlated with measures of star-formation rate, stellar mass, HI gas mass, and rotational velocity. The greatest correlation is with star-formation rate surface density (\(\Sigma_\text{SFR}\)). Using the total sample, we find \(\sigma_{v, z}\) increases slowly as a function of integrated star-formation rate in the range SFR \(\in\) \(10^{-3}\), 1 M\(_\odot\) yr\(^{-1}\) from \(17\pm3\) km s\(^{-1}\) to \(24\pm5\) km s\(^{-1}\) followed by a steeper increase up to \(\sigma_{v, z}\) \(\sim 80\) km s\(^{-1}\) for SFR \(\gtrsim 1\) M\(_\odot\) yr\(^{-1}\). This is consistent with recent theoretical models that suggest a \(\sigma_{v, z}\) floor driven by star-formation feedback processes with an upturn in \(\sigma_{v, z}\) at higher SFR driven by gravitational transport of gas through the disc.
We present the results of a pilot survey to find dust-reddened quasars by matching the FIRST radio catalog to the UKIDSS near-infrared survey, and using optical data from SDSS to select objects with ...very red colors. The deep K-band limit provided by UKIDSS allows for finding more heavily-reddened quasars at higher redshifts as compared with previous work using FIRST and 2MASS. We selected 87 candidates with K<=17.0 from the UKIDSS Large Area Survey (LAS) First Data Release (DR1) which covers 190 deg2. These candidates reach up to ~1.5 magnitudes below the 2MASS limit and obey the color criteria developed to identify dust-reddened quasars. We have obtained 61 spectroscopic observations in the optical and/or near-infrared as well as classifications in the literature and have identified 14 reddened quasars with E(B-V)>0.1, including three at z>2. We study the infrared properties of the sample using photometry from the WISE Observatory and find that infrared colors improve the efficiency of red quasar selection, removing many contaminants in an infrared-to-optical color-selected sample alone. The highest-redshift quasars (z > 2) are only moderately reddened, with E(B-V) ~ 0.2-0.3. We find that the surface density of red quasars rises sharply with faintness, comprising up to 17% of blue quasars at the same apparent K-band flux limit. We estimate that to reach more heavily reddened quasars (i.e., E(B-V) > 0.5) at z>2 and a depth of K=17 we would need to survey at least ~2.5 times more area.
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