Marine biofouling is a ubiquitous problem that accompanies human marine activities and marine industries. It exerts detrimental impacts on the economy, environment, ecology, and safety. ...Traditionally, mainstream approaches utilize metal ions to prevent biological contamination, but this also leads to environmental pollution and damage to the ecosystem. Efficient and environmentally friendly coatings are urgently needed to prevent marine devices from biofouling. Since nature is always the best teacher for humans, it offers us delightful thoughts on the research and development of high-efficiency, broad-spectrum and eco-friendly antifouling coatings. In this work, we focus on the research frontier of marine antifouling coatings from a bionic perspective. Enlightened by three distinctive dimensions of bionics: chemical molecule bionic, physiological mechanism bionic, and physical structure bionic, the research status of three main bioinspired strategies, which are natural antifoulants, bioinspired polymeric antifouling coatings, and biomimetic surface microtopographies, respectively, are demonstrated. The antifouling mechanisms are further interpreted based on biomimetic comprehension. The main fabrication methods and antifouling performances of these coatings are presented along with their advantages and drawbacks. Finally, the challenges are summarized, and future research prospects are proposed. It is believed that biomimetic antifouling strategies will contribute to the development of nontoxic antifouling techniques with exceptional repellency and stability.
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•A critical review of biomimetic surface coating for marine antifouling is provided.•The natural products and synthetic analogs for marine antifouling are summarized.•The bio-inspired polymeric coatings for marine antifouling are presented.•The biomimetic surface microtopography for marine antifouling is demonstrated.
Exosomes in Parkinson disease Pinnell, Jennifer R.; Cui, Mei; Tieu, Kim
Journal of neurochemistry,
20/May , Volume:
157, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Parkinson disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disease, in which the formation of misfolded and aggregated α‐synuclein is a key neuropathological hallmark. Recent studies reveal that ...extracellular vesicles such as exosomes present a potential mechanism for propagation of pathological α‐synuclein throughout the brain. The ability of exosomes to transport proteins and genetic material between cells, including mRNA and microRNAs which have been implicated in PD pathology, provides critical insights as to how exosomes may contribute to pathological progression in PD. Advances have also been made in the investigation of exosomes as potential tools for the modulation of Parkinson's pathology; their detection extracellularly may facilitate their use as biomarkers, while their small size could be utilised as vectors for the delivery of therapeutics. The aim of this review was to highlight our current knowledge of the role of exosomes in PD and potential clinical application.
Parkinson disease (PD) is characterised by the formation of misfolded and aggregated α‐synuclein. Exosomes present a potential mechanism for propagation of pathological α‐synuclein throughout the brain. The ability of exosomes to transport proteins and genetic material between cells, including mRNA and microRNAs which have been implicated in PD pathology, provides critical insights as to how exosomes may contribute to pathological progression in PD. Advances have also been made in the investigation of exosomes as potential tools for the modulation of Parkinson’s pathology; their detection extracellularly may facilitate their use as biomarkers, whilst their small size could be utilised as vectors for the delivery of therapeutics. The aim of this Review was to highlight our current knowledge of the role of exosomes in PD pathology and potential clinical application.
Herbal blends containing synthetic cannabinoids have become popular alternatives to marijuana. The number of synthetic cannabinoids and speed of their emergence enable this group of compounds ...particularly challenging in terms of detection, monitoring, and responding. In this work, both gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) methods were developed for the identification and quantification of synthetic cannabinoids in herbal blends. Ten types of indole/indazole carboxamide synthetic cannabinoids, which showed different types of substitutions connected to nitrogen of the indole/indazole carboxamide, were detected in 36 herbal blends. The GC‐MS fragmentation routes of indole/indazole carboxamide synthetic cannabinoids were discussed in detail for structure identification purpose. The concentration range of synthetic cannabinoid in 36 herbal blends was 1.9–50.6 mg/g using GC‐MS method, while 1.5–49.0 mg/g by NMR method. Nicotine in herbal blends was quantified by NMR method without using reference material, and showed a variation of 5.3–44.7 mg/g. For quantitative analysis, NMR method showed great advantage in the absence of reference material, while GC‐MS method showed great merit for multiple‐compound analysis when reference material was available. Therefore, for the quantitative analysis of new emerged synthetic cannabinoid in herbal blends, different methods could be chosen by considering whether reference material is available, as well as the number and types of synthetic cannabinoids detected in a single sample.
The problem of adaptive dynamic output feedback fault tolerant control (FTC) for a class of nonlinear systems with unknown nonlinearities and faults is investigated, in which the nonlinearities do ...not need to satisfy the Lipschitz condition, so the system can represent a wider range of nonlinear system models. An adaptive dynamic output feedback FTC is designed, where the output and its derivatives are fully applied to compensate the actuator faults on systems. The designed control method can effectively offset the effect of faults on systems so as to stabilized the nonlinear system. Furthermore, based on the designed controller, the coupling term can be eliminated reasonably and less conservative stability conditions for the closed‐loop system have been obtained. The proposed control strategy pledges that the states of the closed‐loop system are uniformly ultimately bounded (UUB). Two numerical examples are presented to exhibit the effectiveness and merits of the proposed control scheme.
An efficient ruthenium‐catalyzed divergent alkylation and olefination of methyl 1,3,5‐triazines with alcohols have been developed. The selectivity can be rationally tuned by the judicious choice of ...ruthenium catalyst, wherein Ru(PPh3)3Cl2 delivers alkylated 1,3,5‐triazines and RuCl3 gives olefinated 1,3,5‐triazines in up to 98 % yield. Following this simple, facile, and high atom economical protocol, a broad range of products was prepared in moderate to good yields and tolerated heterocyclic or benzylic alcohols containing functionalities. The overall transformation operates through dehydrogenation of primary alcohols under the reaction conditions to provide the corresponding aldehydes, which further undergo condensation with methyl 1,3,5‐triazines.
The controlled alkylation or olefination of methyl 1,3,5‐triazines with alcohols has been developed through choice of ruthenium catalysts. The successful application of this methodology for a gram‐scale reaction indicates its potential for bulk synthesis.
To curb the manufacturing, trafficking, and abuse of synthetic cannabinoids, China implemented a class‐wide regulation on synthetic cannabinoids in July 2021. Recently, three different types of ...synthetic cannabinoid analogs that were not covered by the generic definitions were detected in seized powdered and e‐liquid materials. These derivatives included 2‐(2‐(1‐(4‐fluorobenzyl)‐1H‐indol‐3‐yl)acetamido)‐3,3‐dimethylbutanamide (AD‐18), N′‐(1‐(5‐fluoropentyl)‐2‐oxoindolin‐3‐ylidene)benzohydrazide (5F‐MDA‐19), and N′‐(2‐oxo‐1‐pentylindolin‐3‐ylidene)benzohydrazide (pentyl MDA‐19). Identification was based on ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time‐of‐flight–mass spectrometry (UHPLC–QTOF–MS), gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR). AD‐18 is a methylene analog of ADB‐FUBICA. No chemical or pharmacological data about AD‐18 and 5F‐MDA‐19 have appeared until now, making this the first report on these two compounds. Pentyl MDA‐19 has previously been reported to have high affinity for cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors, but this is the first report of its presence in the recreational drug market. Moreover, the collision‐induced dissociation (CID) and electron ionization (EI) characteristic fragmentation routes of AD‐18 and the other two MDA‐19 derivatives were also discussed to facilitate forensic laboratories in their identification of other substances with a similar structure in their case work.
Three synthetic cannabinoids AD‐18, 5F‐MDA‐19, and pentyl MDA‐19 were identified by UHPLC–QTOF–MS, GC–MS, NMR, and FT‐IR.
Ferroptosis, a newly identified form of regulated cell death, is characterized by overwhelming iron-dependent accumulation of lethal lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS). Preventing cellular iron ...overload by reducing iron uptake and increasing iron storage may contribute to inhibit ferroptosis. Mitochondrial ferritin (FtMt) is an iron-storage protein that is located in the mitochondria, which has a significant role in modulating cellular iron metabolism. Recent studies showed that FtMt played inhibitory effects on oxidative stress-dependent neuronal cell damage. However, the potential role of FtMt in the progress of ferroptosis in neuronal cells has not been studied. To explore this, we established ferroptosis models of cell and drosophila by erastin treatment. We found that overexpression of FtMt in neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells significantly inhibited erastin-induced ferroptosis, which very likely was achieved by regulation of iron homeostasis. Upon erastin treatment, significant increases of cellular labile iron pool (LIP) and cytosolic ROS were observed in wild-type SH-SY5Y cells, but not in the FtMt-overexpressed cells. Consistent with that, the alterations of iron-related proteins in FtMt-overexpressed cells were different from that of the control cells. We further investigated the role of FtMt in erastin-induced ferroptosis in transgenic drosophila. We found that the wild-type drosophilas fed an erastin-containing diet didn't survive more than 3 weeks. In contrast, the FtMt overexpressing drosophilas fed the same diet were survival very well. These results indicated that FtMt played a protective role in erastin-induced ferroptosis.
There is increasing evidence showing that the dynamic changes in the gut microbiota can alter brain physiology and behavior. Cognition was originally thought to be regulated only by the central ...nervous system. However, it is now becoming clear that many non-nervous system factors, including the gut-resident bacteria of the gastrointestinal tract, regulate and influence cognitive dysfunction as well as the process of neurodegeneration and cerebrovascular diseases. Extrinsic and intrinsic factors including dietary habits can regulate the composition of the microbiota. Microbes release metabolites and microbiota-derived molecules to further trigger host-derived cytokines and inflammation in the central nervous system, which contribute greatly to the pathogenesis of host brain disorders such as pain, depression, anxiety, autism, Alzheimer's diseases, Parkinson's disease, and stroke. Change of blood-brain barrier permeability, brain vascular physiology, and brain structure are among the most critical causes of the development of downstream neurological dysfunction. In this review, we will discuss the following parts: Overview of technical approaches used in gut microbiome studiesMicrobiota and immunityGut microbiota and metabolitesMicrobiota-induced blood-brain barrier dysfunctionNeuropsychiatric diseases ■ Stress and depression■ Pain and migraine■ Autism spectrum disordersNeurodegenerative diseases ■ Parkinson's disease■ Alzheimer's disease■ Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis■ Multiple sclerosisCerebrovascular disease ■ Atherosclerosis■ Stroke■ Arteriovenous malformationConclusions and perspectives.
The geometrical structures, energetic and electronic properties, and stability of the carbon-doped magnesium clusters have been systematically investigated and compared with those of host magnesium ...clusters. The evolutions of binding energy, the second difference in energy, dissociation energy, adsorption energy of C, HOMO–LUMO gap, vertical ionization potential, and hardness with the size of the Mg
n
C (
n
= 1–12) clusters have been obtained and analyzed. Results reveal that most lowest lying Mg
n
C clusters are in triplet state, which is different from the situation of pure magnesium clusters or carbon-doped Be
n
clusters. The Mg
n
C cluster begins to favor an endohedral geometry when the number of Mg atoms exceeds three, and the transition from planar to three-dimensional structures is found to occur at Mg
3
C. Among the studied series, the Mg
8
C and Mg
11
C clusters have relatively higher electronic stability and are less likely to dissociate. Their special stability can be rationalized from the perspective of cluster shell model. In particular, Mg
11
C with 26 valence electrons can also be considered as a magic cluster featuring a closed-shell configuration.
In this study, the Raman spectra of 21 phenethylamines were obtained using far‐red excitation (785 nm). The distinguishing ability of Raman for phenethylamines, especially for phenethylamine ...regioisomers and structural analogues, was investigated. Here, the evaluation of a cross section of Raman spectra demonstrated that all types of phenethylamines were distinguishable, even for certain structural analogues with high spectrum similarity. Raman exhibited high distinguishing ability for phenethylamine regioisomers that differ in the substitution position of halogen, methoxy, alkyl, or other substituted groups; as well as for structural analogues containing different groups, such as furanyl, 2,3‐dihydrofuranyl, halogen, and alkyl substituted at the same position. The Raman spectra for homologues with differences in only a methyl group were found to be highly similar; however, their spectra demonstrated small but detectable differences. Four analogue mixtures and 59 seized samples were also analyzed to study the practical use of the Raman method in forensic field. 95% of the seized samples were correctly identified, which significantly validated the ability of Raman method in identifying the correct isomers. Accordingly, this study provides a non‐destructive, high‐throughput and minimal sample preparation technique for the discrimination of phenethylamines.
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