The aim of this research was to compare the performance and sensory profiling of a panel of artisanal cheese producers against a trained panel and their relationship to consumer liking (external ...preference mapping). Performance was analyzed statistically at an individual level using the Fisher's test (F) for discrimination, the mean square error for repeatability, and Manhattan plots for visualizing the intra-panel homogeneity. At group level, performance was evaluated using ANOVA. External preference mapping technique was applied to determine the efficiency of each sensory profile. Results showed that the producers panel was discriminant and repetitive with a performance similar to that of the trained panel. Manhattan plots showed that the performance of artisanal cheese producers was more homogeneous than trained panelists. The correlation between sensory profiles (Rv = 0.95) demonstrated similarities in the generation and use of sensory profiles. The external preference maps generated individually with the profiles of each panel were also similar. Recruiting individuals familiar with the production of artisanal cheeses as panelists is a viable strategy for sensory characterization of artisanal cheeses within their context of origin because their results were similar to those from the trained panel and can be correlated with consumer liking data.
Summary
The research was performed to evaluate influence of the cultural context and the type of panel on sensory profiles of artisan goat cheeses. Two types of sensory panels from the goat ...cheese‐making region (experienced/trained artisan cheese producers vs. goat cheese consumers) and two types of sensory panels from a city area (trained descriptive panellists vs. cheese consumers) were formed. The sensory profiles generated with QDA® and Flash Profile techniques were compared using the hierarchical multiple factor analysis at two levels: type of panel and geographical area. This study demonstrated that sensory panels from the goat cheese‐making region used lesser attributes for characterising cheeses. Some discrepancies in sensory profiles were found between the two consumer panels. The two experienced/trained panels were more discriminative and their sensory profiles were similar. Recruiting artisan goat cheese producers for sensory profiling of their own products is a reasonable alternative when training is appropriately conducted.
Strategy for sensory performance comparison among different panels using hierarchical multiple factor analysis.
Pseudomonas syringae is a Gram-negative bacterium that infects a wide range of plants, causing significant economic losses in agricultural production. The pathogen exhibits a high degree of genetic ...and phenotypic diversity, which has led to the classification of P. syringae strains into different pathovars based on their host range and disease symptoms. Copper-based products have traditionally been used to manage infections in agriculture, but the emergence of copper-resistant strains has become a significant concern. Biological control is a promising strategy to manage P. syringae, as it offers an environmentally friendly and sustainable approach to disease management. The review includes an overview of the biology and epidemiology of P. syringae, and of the mechanisms of action of various biological control agents, mainly microorganisms (antagonistic bacteria, and fungi) and bacteriophages. Specifically, this review highlights the renewed interest in bacteriophages (bacteria-infecting viruses) due to their advantages over other eco-friendly management methods, thanks to their bactericidal properties and potential to target specific pathogenic bacteria. The potential benefits and limitations of biological control are also examined, along with research directions to optimize the use of this approach for the management of P. syringae.
Abstract The objective of this study was to perform a profile of mineral elements and the relationship of those as markers of geographical origin of artisanal goat cheese from the State of Veracruz, ...Mexico. In fresh and mature goat cheeses the quantified elements were: heavy (aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, lead), major (calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium), essential (cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, selenium, zinc), and others (nickel and strontium). The database using variance analyses and discriminant function analysis was analyzed. Differences (P < 0.05) were found in the contents of elements between fresh and mature cheeses. The content of major, essential and other elements were similar to the results from other investigations. The concentration of arsenic and lead surpassed the limits accepted by international and Mexican standards. Nine elements helped to determine the geographic origin of the goat cheeses.
Tomatoes are susceptible to bacterial diseases, mainly related to some Pseudomonas syringae pathovars. Many Pseudomonas species are considered innocuous, but some have shown the ability to ...opportunistically infect tomato plants. Antimicrobial compounds have been used to control pathogenic organisms, and this can lead to environmental selection of phenotypically resistant bacteria. We assessed the diversity of Pseudomonas species associated with tomato plants from Chilean orchards and analyzed antimicrobial resistance among the isolated strains. A total of 64 Pseudomonas isolates (P. syringae, P. viridiflava, P. fluorescens, P. koreensis, P. gessardii, and P. azotoformans) were evaluated for their phenotypic resistance to seven antimicrobial compounds, including copper, streptomycin, and five other antibiotics typically not used in agriculture. The results showed that 95%, 86%, 70%, 53%, 45%, and 1.6% of the isolates were resistant to rifampin, ampicillin, copper, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, and tetracycline, respectively, with no isolates being resistant to gentamicin. A total of 96.9% of Pseudomonas isolates exhibited a multiresistant phenotype to at least two of the antimicrobials tested. The most frequent multiresistance phenotype was Cu-Str-Amp-Cm-Rif (23.4%). The presence of Pseudomonas strains tolerant to conventional bactericides, metals, and other antimicrobials makes these bacteria an emerging threat to the agriculture industry and to human health.
Criollo and Suffolk ewes were compared for resistance to an experimental infection with Haemonchus contortus in the periparturient period. Measures on days −28, −14, 0 (lambing date), 14, 28, and 42 ...were taken on number of eggs per gram of faeces (EPG), packed cell volume (PCV), blood eosinophil numbers (BEN), and body weight (BW) in 28 Criollo and 25 Suffolk ewes. One half of the ewes of each genotype was inoculated orally with 3000 L3 of H. contortus in a single dose. Phenotypic correlations between response variables were estimated. Criollo ewes had lower means than Suffolk ewes for EPG (570.7 ± 208.1 vs. 1363.9 ± 245.5) and BW (50.4 ± 1.2 vs. 81.0 ± 1.4 kg), and a higher mean for PCV (35.0 ± 0.6 vs. 32.7 ± 0.6%). BW of inoculated Criollo ewes increased from day −28 to day 42, while that of inoculated Suffolk ewes decreased. Non-inoculated Criollo and Suffolk ewes had slightly increased BW from day −28 to lambing date; after lambing, BW of inoculated Suffolk ewes decreased, while that of inoculated Criollo ewes increased. Birth type and lambing number affected (p < .05) EPG, PCV, and BW. Negative correlations were found (p < .01) between EPG and PCV with BW. Criollo ewes were more resistant than Suffolk ewes to H. contortus.
Cell trackers are fluorescent chemical tools that facilitate imaging and tracking cells within live organisms. Despite their versatility, these dyes lack specificity, tend to leak outside of the ...cell, and stain neighboring cells. Here, we report a dual-activatable cell tracker for increased spatial and temporal staining control, especially for single-cell tracking. This probe overcomes the typical problems of current cell trackers: off-target staining, high background signal, and leakage from the intracellular medium. Staining with this dye is not cytotoxic, and it can be used in sensitive primary cells. Moreover, this dye is resistant to harsh fixation and permeabilization conditions and allows for multiwavelength studies with confocal microscopy and fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Using this cell tracker, we performed
homing experiments in mice with primary splenocytes and tracked a single cell in a heterogeneous, multicellular culture environment for over 20 h. These experiments, in addition to comparative proliferation studies with other cell trackers, demonstrated that the signal from this dye is retained in cells for over 72 h after photoactivation. We envision that this type of probes will facilitate the analysis of single-cell behavior and migration in cell culture and
experiments.
BACKGROUND: Big-leaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) is the woody species with the highest economic value in Latin America. Currently, it is subject to intensive exploitation, diminishing its ...natural populations. Due to this decline, the species is a preferred species for reforestation and establishment of commercial tropical plantations. Mycorrhizal symbiosis is a biotic factor scarcely studied in the ecology of this species. Therefore, the objective of this research was to identify the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) species associated with the rhizosphere of seedlings and mature trees of big-leaf mahogany growing in its natural habitat, a tropical rain forest in Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, Mexico. Soil samples from a 20-cm depth were taken from the rhizosphere of big-leaf mahogany seedlings and mature trees. Additionally, spores from the rhizosphere soil were propagated on Sorghum vulgare, isolated and identified. The percentage of AMF colonization was also evaluated. RESULTS: Twenty-three AMF morphospecies belonging to four genera were registered: 11 corresponded to Glomus, 10 to Acaulospora, one to Gigaspora and one to Ambispora. Ambispora gerdemannii , Acaulospora spinosa, A. scrubiculata, A. foveata, Septoglomus constrictum, Claroideoglomus etunicatum, Glomus tenebrosum , Sclerocystis sinuosum, Diversispora aurantium, and Rhizophagus fasciculatus were identified to species level. We report for first time the presence of G. tenebrosum and C. etunicatum in natural areas of the humid Mexican tropics. The rhizosphere soil of the trees harbor more morphospecies than soil from seedlings (21 and 11 morphospecies, respectively). Sorghum plants inoculated with rhizosphere soil from big-leaf trees showed higher percentages of total mycorrhizal colonization, arbuscules and hyphae (Pâ
Los sistemas silvopastoriles intensivos integran árboles en alta densidad y gramíneas con el objetivo de aumentar la producción de biomasa para alimentar especies de ganado herbívoro (Pachas et al., ...2018).
We determined the effects of sodium propionate (SP) added to the diets of Atractosteus tropicus juveniles with respect to the growth, survival, digestive enzyme activity, and expression of genes that ...are associated with the immune system. Five treatments (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0%) were evaluated in triplicate on 180 fish (3.65 ± 0.12 g) distributed among 15 (70 L) tanks. The juveniles were fed five times a day with 5% feed in relation to the biomass of the organism. The treatment with 0.5% SP showed a final weight value of 25.7 ± 4.5 g, absolute weight of gain (AWG) of 21.93 ± 4.39 g, and specific growth rate (SGR) of 3.1 ± 0.26. Treatments with 1.5 and 2.0% SP showed the highest survival (91.6%). The control group (0%) showed a greater activity of lipases. There was a tendency that the highest activity of alkaline proteases and chymotrypsin occurred in the 0 and 0.5% treatments. The maximum relative expression of the genes ocln, muc2, and nod2 occurred in the 1.5% treatment. The inclusion of SP in the diet of A. tropicus juveniles could benefit the activity of some digestive enzymes as well as the expression of genes related to the function of the intestinal barrier, therefore benefitting the survival of the organisms.
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