Prostate development and function are regulated by androgens. Epithelial cell apoptosis in response to androgen deprivation is caspase‐9‐dependent and peaks at Day 3 after castration. However, ...isolated epithelial cells survive in the absence of androgens. Znf142 showed an on‐off expression pattern in intraepithelial CD68‐positive macrophages, with the on‐phase at Day 3 after castration. Rats treated with gadolinium chloride to deplete macrophages showed a significant drop in apoptosis, suggesting a causal relationship between macrophages and epithelial cell apoptosis. Intraepithelial M1‐polarization was also limited to Day 3, and the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) knockout mice showed significantly less apoptosis than wild‐type controls. The epithelial cells showed focal DNA double‐strand breaks (DSB), 8‐oxoguanine, and protein tyrosine‐nitrosylation, fingerprints of exposure to peroxinitrite. Cultured epithelial cells induced M1‐polarization and showed focal DSB and underwent apoptosis. The same phenomena were reproduced in LNCaP cells cocultured with Raw 264.7 macrophages. In conclusion, the M1
142‐macrophage (named after Znf142) attack causes activation of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway in epithelial cells after castration.
Prostate epithelial cell apoptosis is not cell autonomous. M1‐polarized macrophages cause intense oxidative stress, which in turn activates the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Soluble factors produced by epithelial cells cultured in the absence of androgens differentiate macrophage precursors into M1, which actively chase the epithelial cells.
New tools are desirable to examine the metabolic state of individual cells within tissues. We proposed a fluorescence-based procedure consisting of acridine orange staining and fast green ...counterstaining (AO-FG) to improve the selectivity of the former for nucleic acids (acridine orange stains both DNA and RNA with different fluorescence colors), with no interference from proteins. We compared this test with the biochemical quantification of the relative amounts of RNA and DNA in selected rat ventral prostate samples and PC3 cells. The epithelium of the prostate gland is highly active metabolically for the production of secretions. Differences in AO-RNA staining were revealed and correlated with the metabolic state of the epithelium. Specificity was confirmed by RNase A. To assess how AO-FG staining correlates with the metabolic state of the cell, we cultured PC3 cells in different concentrations of glucose and measured the ratios between the amounts of RNA and DNA. In parallel, similar cultures were subjected to AO-FG, and the staining pattern correlated closely (r2=0.886) with the obtained biochemical results. The results confirmed that the combined use of AO and FG is useful for detecting DNA and RNA simultaneously, as well as for assessing quantitatively the transcriptional activity of individual cells and their changes in response to experimental manipulation.
Background
Androgen deprivation results in massive apoptosis in the prostate gland. Macrophages are actively engaged in phagocytosing epithelial cell corpses. However, it is unknown whether ...microtubule‐associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha (LC3)‐associated phagocytosis (LAP) is involved and contribute to prevent inflammation.
Methods
Flow cytometry, RT‐PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to characterize the macrophage subpopulation residing in the epithelial layer of the rat ventral prostate (VP) after castration. Stereology was employed to determine variations in the number of ED1 and ED2. Mice were treated with either chloroquine or L‐asparagine to block autophagy.
Results
M1 (iNOS‐positive) and M2 macrophages (MRC1+ and ARG1+) were not found in the epithelium at day 5 after castration. The percentage of CD68+ (ED1) and CD163+(ED2) phenotypes increased after castration but only CD68+ cells were present in the epithelium. RT‐PCR showed increased content of the autophagy markers Bcl1 and LC3 after castration. In addition, immunohistochemistry showed the presence of LC3+ and ATG5+ cells in the epithelium. Double immunohistochemistry showed these cells to be CD68+/LC3+, compatible with the LAP phenotype. LC3+ cells accumulate significantly after castration. Chloroquine and L‐asparagine administration caused inflammation of the glands at day 5 after castration.
Conclusions
CD68+ macrophages phagocytose apoptotic cell corpses and activate the LAP pathway, thereby contributing to the preservation of a non‐inflammed microenvironment. Marked inflammation was detected when autophagy blockers were administered to castrated animals.
Background & Aims Epidemiology studies have shown that obesity increases risk for colorectal cancer (CRC). We investigated the contribution of obesity-induced increases in levels of tumor necrosis ...factor (TNF)-α and hyperinsulinemia to the development of CRC in mice. Methods Lean and obese mice (C57BL6/J and ob/ob ) were given a combination of azoxymethane and dextran sulfate sodium, which led to the development of CRC; lean and obese severe combined immunodeficient mice were injected with HT-29 cells. We analyzed the roles of TNF-α and insulin in the development of obesity-mediated CRC using immunoblot, immunohistochemical, and apoptosis assays. Results Genetic- and diet-induced obesity increased the incidence and size of tumors that developed after administration of azoxymethane and dextran sulfate sodium, compared with lean mice. HT-29 xenograft tumors grew more rapidly in obese than lean mice. Neutralization of TNF-α reduced activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase, IκB kinase, and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase–Akt–mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway; it also reduced the growth and development of tumors in obese mice. Reducing levels of insulin levels had no effect on tumor growth in obese mice. Conclusions TNF-α contributes to colon tumor growth in obese mice. Reagents that inhibit TNF-α might prevent the development or progression of CRC in obese individuals.
The high incidence in men of prostatic diseases, including benign and malignant tumors, makes the understanding of prostate development and biology very important. Understanding the organogenesis of ...the prostate gland has been a substantial challenge as “prostatic code” is not well defined at the present time. The novelty of this work lies in unveiling new transcription factors (TFs) during neonatal ventral prostate (VP) gland development in male Wistar rats.
The techniques of qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry have been employed to perform this work while the VP gland was obtained from neonatal rats at day zero (the day of birth) day 3 and 6.
16 TFs were studied and we found an increased expression of Eya2, Lhrh and Znf142, invariable levels of Znf703 and Dbp, and decreased expression of 11 others at postnatal development day 3 and 6 as compared to day zero. ZNF703 was found by immunohistochemistry in epithelial cells at days 0, 3 and 6. qRT-PCR for Eya2 and Dmrt2 showed the highest and lowest fold change for them respectively, and immunohistochemistry showed that the former is being expressed at the three selected time points while the latter appears to be diminishing with very few cells expressing it until day 6.
Results from this work is reporting the role of these TFs for the first time and will significantly contribute to the current understanding of the development and branching morphogenesis of the neonatal VP gland during the first week of postnatal development.
Prostate development and function are regulated by androgens. Epithelial cell apoptosis in response to androgen deprivation is caspase-9-dependent and peaks at Day 3 after castration. However, ...isolated epithelial cells survive in the absence of androgens. Znf142 showed an on-off expression pattern in intraepithelial CD68-positive macrophages, with the on-phase at Day 3 after castration. Rats treated with gadolinium chloride to deplete macrophages showed a significant drop in apoptosis, suggesting a causal relationship between macrophages and epithelial cell apoptosis. Intraepithelial M1-polarization was also limited to Day 3, and the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) knockout mice showed significantly less apoptosis than wild-type controls. The epithelial cells showed focal DNA double-strand breaks (DSB), 8-oxoguanine, and protein tyrosine-nitrosylation, fingerprints of exposure to peroxinitrite. Cultured epithelial cells induced M1-polarization and showed focal DSB and underwent apoptosis. The same phenomena were reproduced in LNCaP cells cocultured with Raw 264.7 macrophages. In conclusion, the M1
-macrophage (named after Znf142) attack causes activation of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway in epithelial cells after castration.
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy).
This article has been retracted at the request of the ...Editor-in-Chief and Deputy Editor-in-Chief following an investigation into the data that were presented in several figures within the article.
A number of images used in this article are believed to be duplicated images. The authors stated that they inadvertently inserted images of the wrong blots in several of the figures, resulting in the duplications; however, they did not address all of the concerns raised. Because the editors were no longer confident in the conclusions of the article based on these incorrect data, a decision was made to retract the paper.
All authors have been notified of this decision. The University of Campinas (UNICAMP) in São Paulo, Brazil was contacted regarding these concerns, but to date the journal has received no response.
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal).
This article has been retracted at the ...request of the Editor-in-Chief and Deputy Editor-in-Chief following an investigation into the data that were presented in several figures within the article.
A number of images used in this article are believed to be duplicated images. The authors stated that they inadvertently inserted images of the wrong blots in several of the figures, resulting in the duplications; however, they did not address all of the concerns raised. Because the editors were no longer confident in the conclusions of the article based on these incorrect data, a decision was made to retract the paper.
All authors have been notified of this decision. The University of Campinas (UNICAMP) in São Paulo, Brazil was contacted regarding these concerns, but to date the journal has received no response.
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) reduces myocardial injury and improves cardiac function after myocardial infarction (MI). We investigated the early alterations provided by G-CSF and the ...chronic repercussions in infarcted rats.
Male Wistar rats (200-250g) received vehicle (MI) or G-CSF (MI-GCSF) (50 μg/kg, sc) at 7, 3 and 1 days before MI surgery. Afterwards MI was produced and infarct size was measured 1 and 15 days after surgery. Expression of anti- and proapoptotic proteins was evaluated immediately before surgery. 24 hours after surgery, apoptotic nuclei were evaluated. Two weeks after MI, left ventricular (LV) function was evaluated, followed by in situ LV diastolic pressure-volume evaluation.
Infarct size was decreased by 1 day pre-treatment before occlusion (36±2.8 vs. 44±2.1% in MI; P<0.05) and remained reduced at 15 days after infarction (28±2.2 vs. 36±1.4% in MI; P<0.05). G-CSF pretreatment increased Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL protein expression, but did not alter Bax in LV. Apoptotic nuclei were reduced by treatment (Sham: 0.46±0.42, MI: 15.5±2.43, MI-GCSF: 5.34±3.34%; P<0.05). Fifteen days after MI, cardiac function remained preserved in G-CSF pretreated rats. The LV dilation was reduced in MI-G-CSF group as compared to MI rats, being closely associated with infarct size.
The early beneficial effects of G-CSF were essentials to preserve cardiac function at a chronic stage of myocardial infarction.
Prostate growth and physiology are regulated by steroid hormones and modulated by multiple endocrine factors. We investigated the action of insulin on the tissue organization and kinetics of ...epithelial cells in the rat ventral prostate (VP) in response to castration up to 120 hours after surgery by using an acute protocol of alloxan‐induced diabetes. Diabetes caused a reduction in volume density (Vv%) and volume of the epithelium. The effects of castration on the epithelium were accelerated in the diabetic animals, as determined by changes in Vv% and volume. The smooth muscle cells became atrophic and apparently relaxed in response to castration, in contrast to the spinous aspect observed in nondiabetic castrated rats. Counting of apoptotic nuclei in the epithelium showed the classical apoptosis peak at 72 hours in nondiabetic rats and an advance of the apoptosis peak to 48 hours after castration in diabetic rats. Insulin restored the time of the peak to 72 hours. These results were confirmed after immunostaining for cleaved caspase‐3 and suggest a survival and antiapoptotic effect on VP epithelial cells in both the presence and absence of androgen stimulation. This idea is supported by the observation that insulin also reduced the overall rate of apoptosis at all experimental points analyzed before and after castration.
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