We give two different and simple constructions for dimensionality reduction in
ℓ
2
via linear mappings that are sparse: only an
O
(
ε
)-fraction of entries in each column of our embedding matrices ...are non-zero to achieve distortion 1 +
ε
with high probability, while still achieving the asymptotically optimal number of rows. These are the first constructions to provide subconstant sparsity for all values of parameters, improving upon previous works of Achlioptas 2003 and Dasgupta et al. 2010. Such distributions can be used to speed up applications where
ℓ
2
dimensionality reduction is used.
Limited evidence exists on salary differences between male and female academic physicians, largely owing to difficulty obtaining data on salary and factors influencing salary. Existing studies have ...been limited by reliance on survey-based approaches to measuring sex differences in earnings, lack of contemporary data, small sample sizes, or limited geographic representation.
To analyze sex differences in earnings among US academic physicians.
Freedom of Information laws mandate release of salary information of public university employees in several states. In 12 states with salary information published online, salary data were extracted on 10 241 academic physicians at 24 public medical schools. These data were linked to a unique physician database with detailed information on sex, age, years of experience, faculty rank, specialty, scientific authorship, National Institutes of Health funding, clinical trial participation, and Medicare reimbursements (proxy for clinical revenue). Sex differences in salary were estimated after adjusting for these factors.
Physician sex.
Annual salary.
Among 10 241 physicians, female physicians (n = 3549) had lower mean (SD) unadjusted salaries than male physicians ($206 641 $88 238 vs $257 957 $137 202; absolute difference, $51 315 95% CI, $46 330-$56 301). Sex differences persisted after multivariable adjustment ($227 783 95% CI, $224 117-$231 448 vs $247 661 95% CI, $245 065-$250 258 with an absolute difference of $19 878 95% CI, $15 261-$24 495). Sex differences in salary varied across specialties, institutions, and faculty ranks. For example, adjusted salaries of female full professors ($250 971 95% CI, $242 307-$259 635) were comparable to those of male associate professors ($247 212 95% CI, $241 850-$252 575). Among specialties, adjusted salaries were highest in orthopedic surgery ($358 093 95% CI, $344 354-$371 831), surgical subspecialties ($318 760 95% CI, $311 030-$326 491), and general surgery ($302 666 95% CI, $294 060-$311 272) and lowest in infectious disease, family medicine, and neurology (mean income, <$200 000). Years of experience, total publications, clinical trial participation, and Medicare payments were positively associated with salary.
Among physicians with faculty appointments at 24 US public medical schools, significant sex differences in salary exist even after accounting for age, experience, specialty, faculty rank, and measures of research productivity and clinical revenue.
We present a calibration of the tip of the red giant branch (TRGB) in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST)/ACS F814W system. We use archival HST observations to derive ...blending corrections and photometric transformations for two ground-based wide-area imaging surveys of the Magellanic Clouds. We show that these surveys are biased bright by up to ∼0.1 mag in the optical due to blending, and that the bias is a function of local stellar density. We correct the LMC TRGB magnitudes from Jang & Lee and use the geometric distance from Pietrzy ski et al. to obtain an absolute TRGB magnitude of . Applying this calibration to the TRGB magnitudes from Freedman et al. in SN Ia hosts yields a value for the Hubble constant of H0 = 72.4 2.0 km s−1 Mpc−1 for their TRGB+SNe Ia distance ladder. The difference in the TRGB calibration and the value of H0 derived here and by Freedman et al. primarily results from their overestimate of the LMC extinction, caused by inconsistencies in their different sources of TRGB photometry for the Magellanic Clouds. Using the same source of photometry (OGLE) for both Clouds and applying the aforementioned corrections yields a value for the LMC I-band TRGB extinction that is lower by 0.06 mag, consistent with independent OGLE reddening maps used by us and by Jang & Lee to calibrate TRGB and determine H0.
Abstract
RNA-Seq is a widely used method for studying the behavior of genes under different biological conditions. An essential step in an RNA-Seq study is normalization, in which raw data are ...adjusted to account for factors that prevent direct comparison of expression measures. Errors in normalization can have a significant impact on downstream analysis, such as inflated false positives in differential expression analysis. An underemphasized feature of normalization is the assumptions on which the methods rely and how the validity of these assumptions can have a substantial impact on the performance of the methods. In this article, we explain how assumptions provide the link between raw RNA-Seq read counts and meaningful measures of gene expression. We examine normalization methods from the perspective of their assumptions, as an understanding of methodological assumptions is necessary for choosing methods appropriate for the data at hand. Furthermore, we discuss why normalization methods perform poorly when their assumptions are violated and how this causes problems in subsequent analysis. To analyze a biological experiment, researchers must select a normalization method with assumptions that are met and that produces a meaningful measure of expression for the given experiment.
An important challenge during the COVID-19 pandemic has been to understand asymptomatic disease and the extent to which this may be a source of transmission. As asymptomatic disease is by definition ...hard to screen for, there is a lack of clarity about this aspect of the COVID-19 spectrum. Studies have considered whether the prevalence of asymptomatic disease is determined by differences in age, demographics, viral load, duration of shedding, and magnitude or durability of immunity. It is clear that adaptive immunity is strongly activated during asymptomatic infection, but some features of the T cell and antibody response may differ from those in symptomatic disease. Areas that need greater clarity include the extent to which asymptomatic disease leads to persistent symptoms (long COVID), and the quality, quantity and durability of immune priming required to confer subsequent protection.
Abstract
Aims
This observational study characterized cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality risk for multiple cancer sites, with respect to the following: (i) continuous calendar year, (ii) age at ...diagnosis, and (iii) follow-up time after diagnosis.
Methods and results
The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program was used to compare the US general population to 3 234 256 US cancer survivors (1973–2012). Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated using coded cause of death from CVDs (heart disease, hypertension, cerebrovascular disease, atherosclerosis, and aortic aneurysm/dissection). Analyses were adjusted by age, race, and sex. Among 28 cancer types, 1 228 328 patients (38.0%) died from cancer and 365 689 patients (11.3%) died from CVDs. Among CVDs, 76.3% of deaths were due to heart disease. In eight cancer sites, CVD mortality risk surpassed index-cancer mortality risk in at least one calendar year. Cardiovascular disease mortality risk was highest in survivors diagnosed at <35 years of age. Further, CVD mortality risk is highest (SMR 3.93, 95% confidence interval 3.89–3.97) within the first year after cancer diagnosis, and CVD mortality risk remains elevated throughout follow-up compared to the general population.
Conclusion
The majority of deaths from CVD occur in patients diagnosed with breast, prostate, or bladder cancer. We observed that from the point of cancer diagnosis forward into survivorship cancer patients (all sites) are at elevated risk of dying from CVDs compared to the general US population. In endometrial cancer, the first year after diagnosis poses a very high risk of dying from CVDs, supporting early involvement of cardiologists in such patients.
Drawing upon the concept of ‘accumulation by dispossession’, this paper analyses the expansion of agrarian capital in Argentina. A case study illustrates the social and environmental impacts of the ...expansion of agribusiness in central Argentina and the social struggle – both rural and urban – that has arisen to resist this process. Although government policies after the 2001 crisis differ in many ways from those of the 1990s, current agrarian policies are not significantly distinct from those followed during the pre‐crisis neoliberal period. Rather than ‘post‐neoliberal’, the new model could thus be better described as ‘neo‐extractivist’. With the connivance of the state, agribusiness is producing the largest‐ever transformation of natural capital into economic capital in the history of the region. Moreover, the latest policy developments suggest that Argentina is on the threshold of a new and deeper stage of agrarian capital expansion and wealth concentration, this time operating at a much larger scale.
A flexible, yet very stable metal–organic framework (DUT‐98, Zr6O4(OH)4(CPCDC)4(H2O)4, CPCDC=9‐(4‐carboxyphenyl)‐9H‐carbazole‐3,6‐dicarboxylate) was synthesized using a rational supermolecular ...building block approach based on molecular modelling of metal–organic chains and subsequent virtual interlinking into a 3D MOF. Structural characterization via synchrotron single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (SCXRD) revealed the one‐dimensional pore architecture of DUT‐98, envisioned in silico. After supercritical solvent extraction, distinctive responses towards various gases stimulated reversible structural transformations, as detected using coupled synchrotron diffraction and physisorption techniques. DUT‐98 shows a surprisingly low water uptake but a high selectivity for pore opening towards specific gases and vapors (N2, CO2, n‐butane, alcohols) at characteristic pressure resulting in multiple steps in the adsorption isotherm and hysteretic behavior upon desorption.
Switchability meets stability: A flexible, yet very stable metal–organic framework (DUT‐98, Zr6O4(OH)4(CPCDC)4(H2O)4, CPCDC=9‐(4‐carboxyphenyl)‐9H‐carbazole‐3,6‐dicarboxylate) was synthesized using a rational supermolecular building block approach based on molecular modelling. DUT‐98 shows a surprisingly low water uptake but a high selectivity for pore opening towards specific gases and vapors.
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