This study has as main objective assessing the toxicity of crack-cocaine combined with different scenarios of ocean acidification on fertilization rate and embryo-larval development of Echinometra ...lucunter sea urchin. Effects on early life stages were assessed at five different concentrations (6,25 mg.L−1; 12,5 mg.L−1; 25 mg.L−1; 50 mg.L−1 and 100 mg.L−1) of crack-cocaine at four different pH values (8.5; 8.0; 7.5; 7.0). The pH values were achieved using two different methodologies: adding hydrochloric acid (HCl) and injecting carbon dioxide (CO2). The fertilization test did not show significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) compared with control sample at pH values 8.5; 8.0 and 7.5. Results of embryo-larval assays showed a half maximal effective concentration (EC50) of crack-cocaine at pH values tested (8.5, 8.0, 7.5) as 58.83, 10.67 and 11.58 mg/L−1 for HCl acidification and 58.83, 23.28 and 12.57 mg/L−1 for CO2 enrichment. At pH 7.0 the effects observed in fertilization rate and embryo development were associated with the acidification. This study is the first ecotoxicological assessment of illicit drug toxicity in aquatic ecosystems at different ocean acidification scenarios.
•Impact of different acidification scenarios by enrichment of CO2 on contaminants of emerging concern.•Toxicity of a cocaine byproduct in different scenarios of ocean acidification.•Combined effects of crack cocaine and low pH on reproduction of sea urchin.•Hazards and risks of illicit drugs pose to public health and the environment.
São Paulo state (Brazil) has one of the most overpopulated coastal zones in South America, where previous studies have already detected sediment and water contamination. However, biological-based ...monitoring considering signals of xenobiotic exposure and effects are scarce. The present study employed a battery of biomarkers under field conditions to assess the environmental quality of this coastal zone. For this purpose, the activity of CYP 450, antioxidant enzymes, DNA damage, lipid peroxidation and lysosomal membrane were analysed in caged mussels and integrated using Factorial Analysis. A representation of estimated factor scores was performed in order to confirm the factor descriptions characterizing the studied areas. Biomarker responses indicated signals of mussels' impaired health during the monitoring, which pointed to the impact of different sources of contaminants in the water quality and identified critical areas. This integrated approach produced a rapid, sensitive and cost-effective assessment, which could be incorporated as a descriptor of environmental status in future coastal zones biomonitoring.
Portmán Bay, southeast Spain, contains the most seriously metal-contaminated sediments of the Mediterranean Sea. From 1958 to 1991, approximately 50 million tons of mine tailings were dumped into the ...bay, completely filling up the bay and dispersing over an extensive area of the continental platform and continental slope. The objective of our study was to characterize the nature and extent of metal contamination and the responses of natural communities to it and to assess the toxicity of the sediment deposits 10 years after mining had ceased. We studied the physical and chemical characteristics of the sediments and toxicity (of the porewater and sediment–water interface) using two sea urchin species (
Arbacia lixula and
Paracentrotus lividus). Metal bioavailability and patterns of macroinvertebrate community composition along the contamination gradient were also studied. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed positive correlation between the sediment metal concentrations associated to the all biological effects (sea urchins toxicity tests and benthic indices). The effects of sediment contamination on the benthic community structure are visible among sampling stations.
A 28-d bioassay was conducted with two invertebrate species with different feeding habits, the clam Ruditapes philippinarum and the shore crab Carcinus maenas. The purpose of the present study was to ...assess the quality of sediments affected by oil spills in different areas of the Spanish coast. The organisms were exposed to environmental samples of oil-contaminated sediments during four weeks and, after the experiment, a suite of biomarkers of exposure was measured: The phase one detoxification system was assessed by ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity; glutathione-S-transferase (GST) is a phase-two detoxification enzyme but also is implicated in oxidative stress events; glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GR), and the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) assay were analyzed to determine the antioxidant activity of the tissues. The biomarker results were correlated with the chemical compounds bound to sediments (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PAHs, polychlorinated biphenyls PCBs, Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, Co, V) and a principal component analysis was carried out with the purpose of linking all the variables and to detect those contaminated sediments potentially harmful to the biota. Results showed induction of biomarkers in both invertebrate species and significant differences (p < 0.05; p < 0.01) were established among sediments affected by different spills. The use of the selected biomarkers together with the sediment chemical analysis assesses the bioavailability of contaminants and has proven to be a suitable tool to monitor the environmental quality of sediments affected by oil spills.
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to discuss integrative environmental assessments applicable to estuarine sediments, including the advantages and limitations of different lines of evidence that ...could form part of such assessments and their application to ecosystem services.Design methodology approach - Weight of evident framework integrating multiple lines of evidence for sediment quality assessment.Findings - Integrative environmental assessments are required to fully address the risks to resident fauna of anthropogenic contaminants deposited in estuarine sediments.Originality value - The paper presents an updated discussion of the methodologies for environmental assessments of contaminated estuarine sediments.
This study illustrate the use of indicators and models to support the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries and Aquaculture management using two case studies in Chile: prediction of environmental ...variability effects upon anchovy (Engraulis ringens) fishery of northern Chile and prediction of suitable sites and carrying capacity of Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) culture using FARM and geographic information system (GIS) models in the Valdivia estuary. A three stage approach was applied: Stage 1 considers spatiotemporal ecosystem indicators (fisheries, aquaculture, environmental, and regulatory), Stage 2 uses statistical relationships between indicators, GIS, and other simulation models (e.g., artificial neural networks and FARM) of environment-resources interaction, and Stage 3 is the analysis and validation of models outputs. The methodology illustrates how indicators and models may be used to assist decision-makers in developing an ecosystem approach to fisheries and aquaculture. The application of these approaches provides an integrative methodology for abundance prediction of anchovy and site selection for shellfish aquaculture, despite limitations in the available data.
Este libro recoge las ponencias que tuvieron lugar en la sede de la RAJYL de España durante el curso 2015/2016, todas ellas unidas por el tema común, consistente en la descripción de la vida y obra ...de un jurista de gran relevancia que murió precisamente por su condición de tal. Se describen especialmente las circunstancias de la muerte de cada uno, por las que pueden ser considerados mártires por la justicia. El elenco de juristas estudiados es amplísimo, y arranca desde el s. VII a.C. con Licurgo, pasando por juristas romanos, medievales, de la ilustración, de la época moderna y, en mayor número, contemporáneos, españoles y extranjeros.La obra tiene especial interés tanto por la relevancia de los juristas estudiados, como por el hecho de que todos los autores son a la vez eminentes juristas, pertenecientes al mundo académico. Texto de la editorial
INTRODUCCIÓN Manuel Aragón Reyes; Luis María Cazorla Prieto; Emilio de Diego García ...
Grandes juristas, mártires por la justicia,
06/2018
Book Chapter
La Justicia es una virtud, uno entre los valores personales y una de las directrices del bienestar colectivo. Orienta, fija, asegura el lento caminar de la especie humana, a través del tiempo, y por ...los inexplorados contornos del espacio, hasta organizar refugios, asentamientos, y campos de cultivo, desde donde comienzan las civilizaciones.
Son muchas virtudes las que acompañan este itinerario, para que llegue a alguna parte donde se construya una convivencia estable y provechosa: alerta ante peligros, unión para protegerse, procura de alimentos, habilidades para desarrollar la capacidad de cada individuo y de sus grupos, hasta llegar a ciertas altas
Back Matter Manuel Aragón Reyes; Luis María Cazorla Prieto; Emilio de Diego García ...
Grandes juristas, mártires por la justicia,
06/2018
Book Chapter
Table of Contents Manuel Aragón Reyes; Luis María Cazorla Prieto; Emilio de Diego García ...
Grandes juristas, mártires por la justicia,
06/2018
Book Chapter
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