Facilitating Cooperation for Wireless SystemsCooperative Communications: Hardware, Channel PHYfocuses on issues pertaining to the PHY layer of wireless communication networks, offering a rigorous ...taxonomy of this dispersed field, along with a range of application scenarios for cooperative and distributed schemes, demonstrating how these techniques can be employed. The authors discuss hardware, complexity and power consumption issues, which are vital for understanding what can be realized at the PHY layer, showing how wireless channel models differ from more traditional models, and highlighting the reliance of PHY algorithm performance on the underlying channel models. Numerous transparent and regenerative relaying protocols are described in detail for a variety of transparent and regenerative cooperative schemes.Key Features:Introduces background, concepts, applications, milestones and thorough taxonomy Identifies the potential in this emerging technology applied to e.g. LTE/WiMAX, WSN Discusses latest wireless channel models for transparent and regenerative protocols Addresses the fundamentals as well as latest emerging PHY protocols Introduces transparent distributed STBC, STTC, multiplexing and beamforming protocols Quantifies regenerative distributed space-time, channel and network coding protocols Explores system optimization, such as distributed power allocation and relay selection Introduces and compares analog and digital hardware architectures Quantifies complexity, memory and power consumption of 3G UMTS 4G LTE/WiMAX relay Highlights future research challenges within the cooperative communications field This book is an invaluable guide for professionals and researchers in communications fields. It will also be of interest to graduates of communications and electronic engineering courses. It forms part of an entire series dedicated to cooperative wireless systems.
Touch is currently seen as the modality that will complement audition and vision as a third media stream over the Internet in a variety of future haptic applications which will allow full immersion ...and that will, in many ways, impact society. Nevertheless, the high requirements of these applications demand networks which allow ultra-reliable and low-latency communication for the challenging task of applying the required quality of service for maintaining the user's quality of experience at optimum levels. In this survey, we enlist, discuss, and evaluate methodologies and technologies of the necessary infrastructure for haptic communication. Furthermore, we focus on how the fifth generation of mobile networks will allow haptic applications to take life, in combination with the haptic data communication protocols, bilateral teleoperation control schemes and haptic data processing needed. Finally, we state the lessons learned throughout the surveyed research material along with the future challenges and infer our conclusions.
A point-to-point wireless communication system in which the transmitter is equipped with an energy harvesting device and a rechargeable battery, is studied. Both the energy and the data arrivals at ...the transmitter are modeled as Markov processes. Delay-limited communication is considered assuming that the underlying channel is block fading with memory, and the instantaneous channel state information is available at both the transmitter and the receiver. The expected total transmitted data during the transmitter's activation time is maximized under three different sets of assumptions regarding the information available at the transmitter about the underlying stochastic processes. A learning theoretic approach is introduced, which does not assume any a priori information on the Markov processes governing the communication system. In addition, online and offline optimization problems are studied for the same setting. Full statistical knowledge and causal information on the realizations of the underlying stochastic processes are assumed in the online optimization problem, while the offline optimization problem assumes non-causal knowledge of the realizations in advance. Comparing the optimal solutions in all three frameworks, the performance loss due to the lack of the transmitter's information regarding the behaviors of the underlying Markov processes is quantified.
The IoT paradigm holds the promise to revolutionize the way we live and work by means of a wealth of new services, based on seamless interactions between a large amount of heterogeneous devices. ...After decades of conceptual inception of the IoT, in recent years a large variety of communication technologies has gradually emerged, reflecting a large diversity of application domains and of communication requirements. Such heterogeneity and fragmentation of the connectivity landscape is currently hampering the full realization of the IoT vision, by posing several complex integration challenges. In this context, the advent of 5G cellular systems, with the availability of a connectivity technology, which is at once truly ubiquitous, reliable, scalable, and cost-efficient, is considered as a potentially key driver for the yet-to emerge global IoT. In the present paper, we analyze in detail the potential of 5G technologies for the IoT, by considering both the technological and standardization aspects. We review the present-day IoT connectivity landscape, as well as the main 5G enablers for the IoT. Last but not least, we illustrate the massive business shifts that a tight link between IoT and 5G may cause in the operator and vendors ecosystem.
Prior Internet designs encompassed the fixed, mobile, and lately the "things" Internet. In a natural evolution to these, the notion of the Tactile Internet is emerging, which allows one to transmit ...touch and actuation in real-time. With voice and data communications driving the designs of the current Internets, the Tactile Internet will enable haptic communications, which in turn will be a paradigm shift in how skills and labor are digitally delivered globally. Design efforts for both the Tactile Internet and the underlying haptic communications are in its infancy. The aim of this article is thus to review some of the most stringent design challenges, as well as propose first avenues for specific solutions to enable the Tactile Internet revolution.
Machine-to-machine (M2M) constitutes the communication paradigm at the basis of Internet of Things vision. M2M solutions allow billions of multi-role devices to communicate with each other or with ...the underlying data transport infrastructure without, or with minimal, human intervention. Current solutions for wireless transmissions originally designed for human-based applications thus require a substantial shift to cope with the capacity issues in managing a huge amount of M2M devices. In this paper, we consider the multiple access techniques as promising solutions to support a large number of devices in cellular systems with limited radio resources. We focus on non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) where, with the aim to increase the channel efficiency, the devices share the same radio resources for their data transmission. This has been shown to provide optimal throughput from an information theoretic point of view. We consider a realistic system model and characterize the system performance in terms of throughput and energy efficiency in an NOMA scenario with a random packet arrival model, where we also derive the stability condition for the system to guarantee the performance.
Narrowband-Internet of Things (NB-IoT) displays high-quality connectivity underpinned by fifth-generation (5G) networks to cover a wide array of IoT applications. The devices' development and ...integration into different smart systems require permanent control, supervision, and the study of power consumption models to determine the performance of the network topology and allow for the measurement of the efficiency of the network topology's application. This paper reports on an architecture and open-sourced simulation that was developed to study NB-IoT in Device-to-Device (D2D) mode, which includes the Physical (PHY), network, and application layers, as well as a queuing model, the model for uplink and downlink delays, the throughput, the overall NB-IoT D2D network performance, and the energy consumption based on the Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol. Our results prove that the suggested framework contributes to a reduction in power consumption, a minimization of queuing delays, a decrease in communication cost, a reduction in inter-cluster collisions, and the prevention of attacks from malicious nodes. Consequently, the framework manages the battery's State of Charge (SOC), improves the battery's State of Health (SOH), and maximizes the whole network lifetime. The proposed framework, the code of which has been open-sourced, can be effectively used for scientific research and development purposes to evaluate different parameters and improve the planning of NB-IoT networks.
Narrowband-IoT (NB-IoT) is a radio access technology standardized by the 3GPP to support a large set of use cases for massive machine-type communications. Compared to human-oriented 4G technologies, ...NB-IoT has key design features in terms of increased coverage, enhanced power saving, and a reduced set of functionalities. These features allow for connectivity of devices in challenging positions, enabling long battery life and reducing device complexity. This article provides a detailed overview on NB-IoT, together with analysis and performance evaluation of the technology. Both uplink and downlink directions are presented, including recent updates on the support of multicast transmissions. The article summarizes the possible configurations of NB-IoT, discusses the procedures for data transmission and reception, and analyzes aspects such as latency and resource occupation. We present a performance evaluation focusing on both uplink and downlink, with the aim to understand the channel occupancy of NB-IoT for different real-life IoT use cases and cell deployments. Further analysis focuses on the impact of various radio access parameters on the capacity of NB-IoT. Finally, results focusing on a new use case for NB-IoT (i.e., firmware update of a group of devices) are presented in the form of a comparison between unicast and multicast transmission modes.
To overcome the limitations of Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) with short range, non-supportability of high density networks, unreliable broadcast services, signal congestion and ...connectivity disruptions, cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) communication networks, standardized in 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Release 14, have been recently introduced to cover broader vehicular communication scenarios including vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P) and vehicle-to-infrastructure/network (V2I/N). In C-V2X, vehicles can directly communicate over PC5 based dedicated sidelinks called direct mode or V2V communication. However, high vehicle densities may require reuse of cellular spectrum for V2V. Moreover, infrastructure mode communication through V2I/N links can augment V2V communication by enhancing communication range and reliability for enhanced safety along with consistent performance under traffic congestions. Motivated by the stringent connection reliability, spectral efficiency, and coverage requirements in C-V2X, this paper presents the first comprehensive and tractable analytical framework for performance of C-V2X networks over shared V2V and cellular uplink channels, where the transmitting vehicles can deliver their information via infrastructure or direct mode, based on their distances, propagation environments and the bias factor. By practically modeling the vehicles on the roads using the doubly stochastic Cox process and the base-stations, we derive new association probabilities, new success probabilities of infrastructure and direct mode, and overall success probability of the C-V2X communication over shared channels, which are validated by the simulations results. Our results reveal the benefits of our proposed model (possibility of selecting both direct and infrastructure modes over shared channels) compared to V2V network in terms of success probability.
Future machine-to-machine (M2M) communications need to support a massive number of devices communicating with each other with little or no human intervention. Random access techniques were originally ...proposed to enable M2M multiple access, but suffer from severe congestion and access delay in an M2M system with a large number of devices. In this paper, we propose a novel multiple access scheme for M2M communications based on the capacity-approaching analog fountain code to efficiently minimize the access delay and satisfy the delay requirement for each device. This is achieved by allowing M2M devices to transmit at the same time on the same channel in an optimal probabilistic manner based on their individual delay requirements. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme achieves a near optimal rate performance and at the same time guarantees the delay requirements of the devices. We further propose a simple random access strategy and characterize the required overhead. Simulation results show that the proposed approach significantly outperforms the existing random access schemes currently used in long term evolution advanced (LTE-A) standard in terms of the access delay.
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