Top-down attention is crucial for meaningful behaviors and impaired in various mental disorders. However, its underpinning regulatory mechanisms are poorly understood. We demonstrate that the ...hippocampal-prefrontal synchrony associates with levels of top-down attention. Both attention and synchrony are reduced in mutant mice of ErbB4, a receptor of neuregulin-1. We used chemical genetic and optogenetic approaches to inactivate ErbB4 kinase and ErbB4+ interneurons, respectively, both of which reduce gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) activity. Such inhibitions in the hippocampus impair both hippocampal-prefrontal synchrony and top-down attention, whereas those in the prefrontal cortex alter attention, but not synchrony. These observations identify a role of ErbB4-dependent GABA activity in the hippocampus in synchronizing the hippocampal-prefrontal pathway and demonstrate that acute, dynamic ErbB4 signaling is required to command top-down attention. Because both neuregulin-1 and ErbB4 are susceptibility genes of schizophrenia and major depression, our study contributes to a better understanding of these disorders.
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•Hippocampal-prefrontal synchrony positively correlates with top-down attention level•Acute ErbB4 signaling regulates top-down attention•ErbB4-dependent GABA activity in hippocampus synchronizes PFC neurons in attention
Top-down attention is important for cognitive function, but its underpinning mechanisms are not well understood. Tan et al. demonstrate that attention correlates with hippocampal-prefrontal synchrony, both of which require acute, dynamic activity of ErbB4.
•Hyper-thermophilic hydrolysis of chicken manure was studied by shortening the HRT.•In-situ ammonia stripping was integrated to enhance hydrolysis performance.•The hyper-thermophilic hydrolysis ...efficiency was increased to 71%.•The biogas production of the pre-treated chicken manure can be increased by 54%.
Hydrolysis is normally the rate limiting step for anaerobic digestion (AD). In this study, hyper-thermophilic (70 °C) pre-treatment of chicken manure under HRTs of 10, 5, 3, 2 and 1 d(s) was investigated to enhance the hydrolysis efficiency for biogas production. In-situ phase gas stripping was integrated into the pre-treatment reactor to remove ammonia-N and to enhance the hydrolysis performance. The results showed that in-situ gas stripping removed 18%–31% of ammonia-N and improved hydrolysis by 2.6%–31.1%. The methane yield of pre-hydrolyzed chicken manure reached 518 mL g-VS−1 under optimal HRT 3 days, which was 54.6% higher than that obtained from the control reactor. However, shortening HRTs below 3 days resulted in a significant reduction in hydrolysis efficiency. The percent of hydrolysis and acidogenesis bacteria reduced to 40.6% at HRT 1 d. 16sRNA results indicated existence of methanogens in pre-hydrolysis reactor. Further optimizing of ammonia stripping was thus needed for hydrolysis pre-treatment.
The tuning of metal–organic framework (MOF) nanosheet stacking modes from molecular level was rarely explored although it significantly affected the properties and applications of nanosheets. Here, ...the different stacking modes of Zr‐1, 3, 5‐(4‐carboxylphenyl)‐benzene framework nanosheets were synthesized through the induction of different host–guest noncovalent interactions. The solvents of methyl benzene and ethyl acetate induced twisted stacking of nanosheets with the specific rotation angles of 12°, 18°, 24° and 6°, 18°, 24°, 30°, respectively, which was in agreement with theoretical calculations. Meanwhile, the alkanes were likely to vertically enter the pores of Zr‐BTB nanosheets because of steric hindrance and hydrophobic interactions, resulting in the untwisted stacking of nanosheets. The untwisted ordered nanopores showed the excellent gas chromatographic separations of benzene derivative isomers, which was better than twisted nanosheets stacking and commercial columns. This work uncovers a rational strategy to control the stacking of two‐dimensional MOF nanosheets.
The host–guest noncovalent strategy was proposed to tune the stacking modes of metal–organic framework nanosheets for isomer separation. Solvents of methyl benzene and ethyl acetate induced twisted stacking of nanosheets, while the alkanes from C6 to C14 were likely to vertically enter the pores of nanosheets, resulting in the untwisted stacking of nanosheets as efficient isomer separator.
China’s energy consumption experienced rapid growth over the past three decades, raising great concerns for the future adjustment of China’s energy consumption structure. This paper first presents ...the historical evidence on China’s energy consumption by the fuel types and sectors. Then, by establishing a bottom-up accounting framework and using long-range energy alternatives planning energy modeling tool, the future of China’s energy consumption structure under three scenarios is forecast. According to the estimates, China’s total energy consumption will increase from 3014 million tonnes oil equivalent (Mtoe) in 2015 to 4470 Mtoe in 2040 under the current policies scenario, 4040 Mtoe in 2040 under the moderate policies scenario and 3320 Mtoe in 2040 under the strong policies scenario, respectively, lower than those of the IEA’s estimations. In addition, the clean fuels (gas, nuclear and renewables) could be an effective alternative to the conventional fossil fuels (coal and oil) and offer much more potential. Furthermore, the industry sector has much strong reduction potentials than the other sectors. Finally, this paper suggests that the Chinese government should incorporate consideration of adjustment of the energy consumption structure into existing energy policies and measures in the future.
Three new supermolecular complexes, Cu(HL1) (1), Cu(L2)H2O (2) and Co2(L2)2·3CH3CN (3), have been synthesized and structurally characterized. These self-assembling complexes form different ...dimensional supramolecular structures through intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Meanwhile, the fluorescence behavior of the two Cu(II) complexes in DMF is discussed.
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Three new supramolecular complexes, Cu(HL1) (1), Cu(L2)H2O (2) and Co2(L2)2·3CH3CN (3), were designed and synthesized by the reaction of 5-hydroxy-4′,6′-dibromo-2,2′-ethylenediyldioxybis(nitrilomethylidyne)diphenol (H3L1) with Cu(II) acetate hydrate (for 1); and 6-methoxy-4′,6′-dibromo-2,2′-ethylenediyldioxybis(nitrilomethylidyne)diphenol (H2L2) with Cu(II) acetate hydrate (for 2) and cobalt(II) acetate tetrahydrate (for 3), respectively, and were characterized by element analyses, X-ray crystallography, FT-IR, UV–Vis and fluorescence spectra. Complex 1 is mononuclear and tetra-coordinated and adopts a distorted square-planar geometry, likewise, complex 2 is mononuclear and penta-coordinated with a square-pyramidal geometry, however, complex 3 is dinuclear with the two Co(II) atoms having the same coordination environments and adopt a trigonal bipyramidal geometry. These self-assembling complexes form different dimensional supramolecular structures through inter- and intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Meanwhile, photophysical properties of the three complexes have also been discussed. Furthermore, the fluorescence behaviors of the two Cu(II) complexes in DMF are discussed.
Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer Risk Ma, Dong-Mei; Dong, Xiao-Wu; Han, Xiao ...
Technology in cancer research & treatment,
01/2023, Volume:
22
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Purpose: The present retrospective study aimed to explore the relationship between pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer in the population cohort of the UK Biobank (UKB) (https://www.ukbiobank.ac.uk). ...Methods: From the 500 thousand population cohort of UKB, according to the age and gender of patients with pancreatic cancer 1:10, matching the control without pancreatic cancer, the binary Logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationship between pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer, and subgroup analyses were used to identify potential effect modifiers. Results: A total of 1538 patients with pancreatic cancer were compared with 15 380 controls. In the fully adjusted model, patients with pancreatitis had a significantly increased risk of pancreatic cancer compared with no pancreatitis. The risk of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer increased with the age of pancreatitis, and the risk of pancreatic cancer was highest in the 61 to 70 age group. In addition, in the first 3 years of acute pancreatitis, the risk of pancreatic cancer increased significantly with the increase in the duration of the disease (odds ratio OR 29.13, 95% confidence interval CI: 16.34-51.93), after 3 years, the trend of increase decreased. After more than 10 years, there was no significant correlation between the risk of acute pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. However, patients with chronic pancreatitis were significantly associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer only in the first 3 years (OR 28.14, 95% CI: 14.86-53.31). Conclusion: Pancreatitis may associate with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer. The older the age of pancreatitis, the higher the risk of pancreatic cancer. The risk of pancreatic cancer increases significantly in the first 3 years of the course of pancreatitis. This may provide an alternative strategy for the early identification of individuals at high risk of pancreatic cancer.
Aims
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive cognitive dysfunction and memory impairment. AD pathology involves protein acetylation. Previous studies have ...mainly focused on histone acetylation in AD, however, the roles of nonhistone acetylation in AD are less explored.
Methods
The protein acetylation and expression levels were detected by western blotting and co‐immunoprecipitation. The stoichiometry of acetylation was measured by home‐made and site‐specific antibodies against acetylated‐CaM (Ac‐CaM) at K22, K95, and K116. Hippocampus‐dependent learning and memory were evaluated by using the Morris water maze, novel object recognition, and contextual fear conditioning tests.
Results
We showed that calmodulin (CaM) acetylation is reduced in plasma of AD patients and mice. CaM acetylation and its target Ca2+/CaM‐dependent kinase II α (CaMKIIα) activity were severely impaired in AD mouse brain. The stoichiometry showed that Ac‐K22, K95‐CaM acetylation were decreased in AD patients and mice. Moreover, we screened and identified that lysine deacetylase 9 (HDAC9) was the main deacetylase for CaM. In addition, HDAC9 inhibition increased CaM acetylation and CaMKIIα activity, and hippocampus‐dependent memory in AD mice.
Conclusions
HDAC9‐mediated CaM deacetylation induces memory impairment in AD, HDAC9, or CaM acetylation may become potential therapeutic targets for AD.
HDAC9 is the CaM deacetylase, which is upregulated in APP/PS1 mouse forebrain neurons, causing CaM hyperdeacetylation. The latter impairs CaMKIIα activity and memory in APP/PS1 mice. HDAC9 inhibition enhances CaMKIIα activity via increasing CaM acetylation, thus improving the memory deficits of APP/PS1 mice.
To reveal the nature of CO2 reduction to formate with high efficiency by in situ hydrogen produced from hydrothermal reactions with iron, DFT calculations were used. A reaction pathway was proposed ...in which the formate was produced through the key intermediate species, namely iron hydride, produced in situ in the process of hydrogen gas production. In the in situ hydrogenation of CO2, the charge of H in the iron hydride was −0.135, and the Fe–H bond distance was approximately 1.537 Å. A C-H bond was formed as a transition state during the attack of Hδ− on Cδ+. Finally, a HCOO species was formed. The distance of the C-H bond was 1.107 Å. The calculated free energy barrier was 16.43 kcal/mol. This study may provide new insight into CO2 reduction to formate in hydrothermal reactions with metal.
Temporal action detection (TAD) is extensively studied in the video understanding community by generally following the object detection pipeline in images. However, complex designs are not uncommon ...in TAD, such as two-stream feature extraction, multi-stage training, complex temporal modeling, and global context fusion. In this paper, we do not aim to introduce any novel technique for TAD. Instead, we study a simple, straightforward, yet must-known baseline given the current status of complex design and low detection efficiency in TAD. In our simple baseline (BasicTAD), we decompose the TAD pipeline into several essential components: data sampling, backbone design, neck construction, and detection head. We extensively investigate the existing techniques in each component for this baseline and, more importantly, perform end-to-end training over the entire pipeline thanks to the simplicity of design. As a result, this simple BasicTAD yields an astounding and real-time RGB-Only baseline very close to the state-of-the-art methods with two-stream inputs. In addition, we further improve the BasicTAD by preserving more temporal and spatial information in network representation (termed as PlusTAD). Empirical results demonstrate that our PlusTAD is very efficient and significantly outperforms the previous methods on the datasets of THUMOS14 and FineAction. Meanwhile, we also perform in-depth visualization and error analysis on our proposed method and try to provide more insights into the TAD problem. Our approach can serve as a strong baseline for future TAD research. The code and model are released at https://github.com/MCG-NJU/BasicTAD.
•We reconsider and study all components in TAD pipeline and build BasicTAD baseline.•With minimal changes, PlusTAD largely improve the TAD performance based on BasicTAD.•PlusTAD outperforms previous state-of-the-art methods on THUMOS14 and FineAction.
We consider the problem of recovering a complex signal x ∈ ℂ n from m intensity measurements of the form |a i H x|, 1 ≤ i ≤ m, where a i H is the ith row of measurement matrix A ∈ ℂ m×n . Our main ...focus is on the case where the measurement vectors are unconstrained, and where x is exactly K-sparse, or the so-called general compressive phase retrieval problem. We introduce PhaseCode, a novel family of fast and efficient algorithms that are based on a sparsegraph coding framework. We show that in the noiseless case, the PhaseCode algorithm can recover an arbitrarily-close-toone fraction of the K nonzero signal components using only slightly more than 4K measurements when the support of the signal is uniformly random, with the order-optimal time and memory complexity of Θ(K). 1 It is known that the fundamental limit for the number of measurements in compressive phase retrieval problem is 4K - o(K) for the more difficult problem of recovering the signal exactly and with no assumptions on its support distribution. This shows that under mild relaxation of the conditions, our algorithm is the first constructive capacity-approaching compressive phase retrieval algorithm: in fact, our algorithm is also order-optimal in complexity and memory. Furthermore, we show that for any signal x, PhaseCode can recover a random (1 - p)-fraction of the nonzero components of x with high probability, where p can be made arbitrarily close to zero, with sample complexity m = c(p)K, where c(p) is a small constant depending on p that can be precisely calculated, with optimal time and memory complexity. As a result, assuming that the nonzero components of x are lower bounded by Θ(1) and upper bounded by Θ(K γ ) for some positive constant γ <; 1, we are able to provide a strong ℓ 1 guarantee for the estimated signal x̂ as follows: ||x̂ - x|| 1 ≤ p||x|| 1 (1+o(1)), where p can be made arbitrarily close to zero. As one instance, the PhaseCode algorithm can provably recover, with high probability, a random 1 - 10 -7 fraction of the significant signal components, using at most m = 14K measurements. Next, motivated by some important practical classes of optical systems, we consider a"Fourier-friendly" constrained measurement setting, and show that its performance matches that of the unconstrained setting, when the signal is sparse in the Fourier domain with uniform support. In the Fourier-friendly setting that we consider, the measurement matrix is constrained to be a cascade of Fourier matrices (corresponding to optical lenses) and diagonal matrices (corresponding to diffraction mask patterns). Finally, we tackle the compressive phase retrieval problem in the presence of noise, where measurements are in the form of y i = |a i H x| 2 + w i , and wi is the additive noise to the w i measurement. We assume that the signal is quantized, and each nonzero component can take L m possible magnitudes and L p possible phases. We consider the regime, where K = βn δ , δ ∈ (0, 1). We use the same architecture of PhaseCode for the noiseless case, and robustify it using two schemes: the almost-linear scheme and the sublinear scheme. We prove that with high probability, the almost-linear scheme recovers x with sample complexity O(K log(n)) and computational complexity Θ(L m L p n log(n)), and the sublinear scheme recovers x with sample complexity Θ(K log 3 (n)) and computational complexity Θ(L m L p K log 3 (n)). Throughout, we provide extensive simulation results that validate the practical power of our proposed algorithms for the sparse unconstrained and Fourier-friendly measurement settings, for noiseless and noisy scenarios.
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