The work provided information on the energy consumption
E
e
by direct current galvanostatic separation of zinc from ZnSO
4
solutions under conditions close to the electrodeposition of zinc from ...viscose production wastewaters. The
E
e
values were displayed depending on the corresponding values of current densities
i
and electrical conductivities of solutions
κ
in the form of 3D diagrams. The diagrams showed that
E
e
grew significantly with increasing
i
, with a significant influence of
κ
. In the analysis of the present processes and other desirable directions of research, both previous findings from polarographic/voltammetric electrolysis (usually collected at lower current densities) and the outlined new treatments to technological/separation electrolysis (on the contrary, usually at higher values of current densities) were applied. The obtained data can serve as a reference data in further research to reduce the energy consumption of the technology used.
Graphical abstract
This paper is a kinetic study that compares the rate of decolorization and subsequently the mineralization of Acid Blue 80 in model dyeworks wastewater, both in the homogeneous phase using the Fenton ...and photo-Fenton reactions, UV-C and UVC/H2O2 processes, and in the heterogeneous phase, where the proven commercial photocatalysts P25, P90, and AV01 based on TiO2 were used. The influence of pH of the environment was studied and in the case of the Fenton reaction, the influence of the concentration of catalyzing Fe2+ ions on the rate of decolorization of the model wastewater was also studied. The optimal molar ratio of H2O2/Fe2+ was 10:1. For describing the reaction kinetics, first-order speed constants were best-suited. In all applied processes, the dye chromophore degraded, which was accompanied by a quantitative decolorization of the model wastewater. Subsequently, the mineralization of colorless intermediate products was studied through a decrease in COD or, more precisely, TOC. The mineralization efficiency in the homogeneous phase ranged between 18.6 and 97.1% after 24 h. In the case of heterogeneous photocatalysis, it ranged between 79.6 and 97.3% after 24 h, with efficiency declining in the order P90 > P25 > AV01.
•U.S. states introduced withholding of the personal income tax in a staggered manner.•We exploit this staggered adoption by states to generate event study estimates.•We find an immediate and ...permanent jump in state income tax revenues by 29 percent.•This impact cannot be accounted by changes to tax base or intensity of enforcement.•Suggestive evidence that higher filing rates explain part of this rise in revenues.
This paper examines the impact of introducing withholding of the personal income tax by state governments in the U.S. We exploit the staggered adoption of withholding by individual states over the period 1948–1987 to construct event study estimates. We obtain a robust finding: Introducing withholding led to an immediate and permanent increase in income tax revenues by about 29 percent, holding tax rates constant. The result is consistent with the crucial role of withholding and third-party reporting in improving tax compliance. We consider several alternative explanations such as changes to the tax base and increases in enforcement activity but these explanations lack support. There is some evidence that non-filing substantially decreased following the introduction of withholding.
Learning from Law Enforcement Dušek, Libor; Traxler, Christian
Journal of the European Economic Association,
04/2022, Volume:
20, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Abstract
This paper studies how punishment affects future compliance behavior and isolates deterrence effects mediated by learning. Using administrative data from speed cameras that capture the full ...driving histories of more than a million cars over several years, we evaluate responses to punishment at the extensive (receiving a speeding ticket) and intensive margins (tickets with higher fines). Two complementary empirical strategies—a regression discontinuity design and an event study—coherently document strong responses to receiving a ticket: The speeding rate drops by a third and re-offense rates fall by 70%. Higher fines produce a small but imprecisely estimated additional effect. All responses occur immediately and are persistent over time, with no backsliding toward speeding even two years after receiving a ticket. Our evidence rejects unlearning and temporary salience effects. Instead, it supports a learning model in which agents update their priors on the expected punishment in a coarse manner.
Abstract
We estimate the effect of the level of fines on payment compliance and revenues collected from speeding tickets. Exploiting discontinuous increases in fines at speed cutoffs and ...reform-induced variation in these discontinuities, we implement two complementary regression discontinuity designs. The results consistently document small payment responses: a 10% increase in the fine (i.e., the payment obligation) induces a 1.2 percentage point decline in timely payments. The implied revenue elasticity is about 0.9. Expressed in absolute terms, a one-dollar increase in the fine translates into a roughly 60-cent increase in payments collected within 15 days (JEL H27, H26, K42).
This paper studies the enforcement of fines, and, in particular, the effects of simplification and salience nudges on timely payments. In a randomized controlled trial, we add cover letters to 80,000 ...payment notifications for speeding. The letters increase the salience of the payment deadline, the late penalty, or both. Emphasizing only the deadline is not effective. Stressing the late penalty significantly and persistently increases payment rates. The effect is largest if both parameters are made salient. The most effective treatment yields a net revenue gain that covers approximately 25 percent of the labor costs of the ticket administration personnel. A survey experiment documents how the salience nudges alter prior (mis)perceptions about the communicated parameters. The survey results rationalize the differential effects of the treatments and, together with the evidence from the RCT, offer a broader framework for explaining why certain nudges are effective in some contexts but fail in others.
This article presents the possibility of using diffusion dialysis for processing spent pickling solution from pickling stainless steels with a mixture of nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid. A ...counter-current two-compartment dialyzer equipped with an anion-exchange membrane Neosepta-AFN was used to study and compare the diffusion dialysis of model mixture of hydrofluoric acid and ferric nitrate and a real spent pickling solution. The separation efficiency was characterized by the acid recovery yield, the rejection coefficient of the metals, the permeability coefficient of the membrane, and the separation factor. These characteristics were calculated from the data obtained at steady state. For the real spent pickling solution tested, the permeability values of nitrates 1.7 × 10
m s
, fluorides 0.4 × 10
m s
, and ferric ions 1.1 × 10
m s
were achieved. The separation factor for nitrates/ferric ions was 15.7 and 3.6 for fluorides/ferric ions. Furthermore, the dependencies of recovery yield and rejection for different concentrations of hydrofluoric acid and ferric nitrate were determined.
The aim of this work was to evaluate the possibility of decolorization of effluents that contain structurally different azo and aminoantrachinone dyes. The decolorization was performed by an indirect ...electrochemical oxidation in a single-chamber laboratory electrolyzer under galvanostatic mode. Anodes used for the treatment were a planar boron-doped diamond and a platinum electrode. The changes in decolorization rate of model solutions were measured during indirect electrochemical oxidation in dependence on different initial pH in the presence of sodium sulfate, which is frequently used during the dyeing process. The decolorization process was compared with another abundant salt, specifically sodium chloride. The time intervals corresponding to chromaticity change of electrolyzed solution were measured and kinetic constants were assessed. Results showed that the decolorization rate is higher in the presence of NaCl than Na
2
SO
4
and the structure of the dye has a direct impact on the velocity of the decolorization process. However, the degradation evaluated by the determination of total organic carbon parameter showed promising results also in the presence of sulfates on the boron-doped diamond anode dropping from 104 to 21 mg dm
−3
. Since this parameter decreased on Pt anode only to 98 mg dm
−3
, boron-doped diamond anode showed better performance in the presence of sulfates.
Graphical abstract
This study presents the possibility of using diffusion dialysis for the separation of inorganic acids (hydrochloric, nitric, and hydrofluoric) and their ferric salts whose composition corresponds to ...that of real spent pickling solutions. At a steady state, the transport properties of three different anion-exchange membranes (Fumasep-FAD, Neosepta-AFN, and Neosepta-AHA) are compared using a continuous counter-current dialyzer. At a constant composition of the solutions (acid concentration 3 mol L
and iron concentration 30-40 g L
), the effects of volumetric liquid flow rates on the transport rate of H
and Fe
ions through the membrane are studied. The dialysis process is characterized by the recovery of acids and the rejection of salts. Furthermore, the values of the dialysis coefficients of acids, iron, and the acid/iron separation factors are calculated and compared. The volumetric flow rates of the inlet streams change in limits from 3 × 10
to 6 × 10
m
s
(from 3 to 6 L h
m
, relative to the membrane area). A comparison of the tested membranes shows slightly better results for acid recovery, iron rejection, and acid/iron separation factors for the Fumasep-FAD membrane than for the Neosepta-AFN membrane. However, the results obtained show that both of these anion-exchange membranes can be considered good separators for tested mixtures that simulate real spent pickling solutions, and there is a good precondition for using diffusion dialysis for processing these solutions in industrial practice. On the contrary, very low values of acid recovery and the overall dialysis coefficient of acid are found for the Neosepta-AHA membrane in the test range of the volumetric flow rate, and, thus, this membrane is insufficient for the adequate separation of these acids and iron salts.
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