Quantifying shark distribution patterns and species-specific habitat associations in response to geographic and environmental drivers is critical to assessing risk of exposure to fishing, habitat ...degradation, and the effects of climate change. The present study examined shark distribution patterns, species-habitat associations, and marine reserve use with baited remote underwater video stations (BRUVS) along the entire Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (GBRMP) over a ten year period. Overall, 21 species of sharks from five families and two orders were recorded. Grey reef Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos, silvertip C. albimarginatus, tiger Galeocerdo cuvier, and sliteye Loxodon macrorhinus sharks were the most abundant species (>64% of shark abundances). Multivariate regression trees showed that hard coral cover produced the primary split separating shark assemblages. Four indicator species had consistently higher abundances and contributed to explaining most of the differences in shark assemblages: C. amblyrhynchos, C. albimarginatus, G. cuvier, and whitetip reef Triaenodon obesus sharks. Relative distance along the GBRMP had the greatest influence on shark occurrence and species richness, which increased at both ends of the sampling range (southern and northern sites) relative to intermediate latitudes. Hard coral cover and distance across the shelf were also important predictors of shark distribution. The relative abundance of sharks was significantly higher in non-fished sites, highlighting the conservation value and benefits of the GBRMP zoning. However, our results also showed that hard coral cover had a large effect on the abundance of reef-associated shark species, indicating that coral reef health may be important for the success of marine protected areas. Therefore, understanding shark distribution patterns, species-habitat associations, and the drivers responsible for those patterns is essential for developing sound management and conservation approaches.
Aims
The aim of this study was to evaluate the analgesic effectiveness and adverse reactions of ketorolac in comparison with other drugs when administered postoperatively after third molar surgery.
...Methods
PubMed and Google Scholar were utilized to search for articles comparing the efficacy and safety of ketorolac and other analgesic agents after third molar surgery. Data from papers with a lower risk of bias were recorded. The overall evaluation of analgesia onset, general and subgroup evaluation of the number of patients requiring rescue analgesic medication, general and subgroup assessment of the study medication (satisfaction on the study drugs), and the overall estimation of adverse effects were performed using the Review Manager Software 5.3 to analyse the data and obtain the meta‐analysis plot.
Results
The subgroup evaluation of the study medication showed that patients who received ketorolac 30 mg were more satisfied than those who were given parecoxib 1 mg (odds ratio OR = 8.57, 95% confidence interval CI = 3.66–20.08, P = .00001), parecoxib 2 mg (OR = 7.17, 95% CI = 2.88–17.86, P = .0001), parecoxib 5 mg (OR = 3.03, 95% CI = 1.69–5.41, P = .0002), and parecoxib 10 mg (OR = 2.42, 95% CI = 1.36–4.32, P = .003). Moreover, patients who received ketorolac reported fewer adverse reactions compared with those who had received opioid analgesics (OR = 0.14, 95% CI = 0.32–1.76, P = .0001).
Conclusions
The data from this study demonstrates that the postoperative administration of ketorolac 30 mg presents better results on patient satisfaction when compared to parecoxib 1 mg to 10 mg, and presents a similar satisfaction to parecoxib 20 mg following third molar removal.
Linn. Malvaceae (HS) is characterized by its edible calyxes. The HS calyxes are widely used for cosmetic, food, and medicinal applications. According to ethnobotanical evidence, decoction, infusion, ...or maceration extracts from HS calyxes have been used in folk medicine to treat many ailments. Moreover, several in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the pharmacological properties and potential human health benefits of HS consumption. On the other hand, the evaluation of the physiological effects and health benefits of HS in clinical studies is most challenging. Therefore, this narrative review summarizes and discusses the physiological effects and health benefits of HS calyxes reported in clinical trials. Preparations obtained from HS calyxes (extracts, infusions, decoction, teas, beverages, capsules, and pills) are used as non-pharmacological therapies to prevent/control diverse chronic non-communicable diseases. The most-reported HS health benefits are its antihypertensive, antidyslipidemic, hypoglycemic, body fat mass reduction, nephroprotective, antianemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-xerostomic activities; these effects are associated with the phytochemicals found in HS. Moreover, no adverse effects were reported during the clinical trials. However, clinical studies exhibited some limitations; thus, further studies are required to validate the clinical efficacy of HS in large-scale studies with higher doses and a good experimental design.
Animal movement has direct applications in spatial management and conservation planning, yet it is rarely taken into account for the design of natural protected areas. For instance, reef shark ...species are thought to benefit from marine protected area networks, even though their movement behaviour remains poorly characterized. Poor understanding of species' movements implies that the benefits of MPA networks for species' populations are still widely unknown.
To understand the consequences of movement behaviour for protection, we modelled movements of three reef shark species' (Carcharhinus albimarginatus, C. amblyrhynchos and C. leucas) with distinct levels of reef association using real passive‐acoustic telemetry data. The model simulates if individuals are protected or unprotected by their movements in a system of reef patches in a network of MPAs. Model parameters that control individuals' movements were estimated from acoustic telemetry data. To estimate benefits for species we monitored longevity and time spent in protected habitats across all scenarios of reef protection, fishing intensity (11 values for each) and protection of high or low suitability reefs (a reef‐dependent factor that attracts sharks to reside in it) for populations of 1,000 individuals per species.
The time individuals spent in protected reefs increased linearly with protection until it levelled off after 50%–80% of reefs protected (78% C. amblyrhynchos, 72% C. albimarginatus and 52% C. leucas, at 100% protection). Individuals' life span decreased exponentially with fishing intensity. Reef protection only mildly counteracted life span lost to fishing. Protecting highly suitable reefs increased time spent in protected reefs, optimal protection was reached at a lower number of reefs protected, and life expectancy was higher with protection of highly suitable reefs.
Synthesis and applications. Our framework can be applied to many studies using passive‐acoustic telemetry to track animal movements. Protected area networks benefit species highly attached to protected sites. To increase benefits of marine protected area networks for all species (with low and high degrees of reef attachment) we need to understand the use of reef‐adjacent areas, dispersal routes and characterize reef suitability for multiple species.
Resumen
El movimiento de los animales puede ser utilizado para planeamiento de manejo espacial y conservación, sin embargo, en raras ocasiones es tomado en cuenta para diseñar áreas naturales protegidas. Por ejemplo, se ha sugerido que las especies de tiburón de arrecife coralino se benefician de las redes de áreas marinas protegidas, aún cuando sus movimientos han sido pobremente estudiados. Los patrones de movimiento poco entendidos de estas especies significa que aún se desconoce cómo se benefician de las redes de aŕeas marinas protegidas.
Para entender las consecuencias de los patrones de movimiento para la protección, modelamos los movimientos de tres especies de tiburones (Carcharhinus albimarginatus, C. amblyrhynchos y C. leucas) con distintos grados de asociación con arrecifes utilizando datos reales de telemetría pasiva acústica. El modelo simula si los individuos se encuentran protegidos o desprotegidos cuando se mueven en un sistema de parches arrecifales en una red de áreas marinas protegidas. Los parámetros del modelo que controlan el movimiento de los individuos fueron estimados con los datos de telemetría. Para estimar los beneficios para cada especie, monitoreamos la longevidad y el tiempo que los individuos permanecieron en los arrecifes protegidos en todos los escenarios de protección, intensidad de pesca (11 valores para cada uno) y protección de arrecifes de alta y baja favorabilidad (factor asociado a cada arrecife que atrae a los tiburones a residir en ellos), para poblaciones de 1,000 individuos de cada especie.
El tiempo que los individuos pasaron en arrecifes protegidos aumentó linealmente con el grado de protección hasta que se niveló después de proteger 50%–80% de los arrecifes (78% C. amblyrhynchos, 72% C. albimarginatus y 52% C. leucas, a 100% de protección). La longevidad de los individuos disminuyó exponencialmente con la intensidad de pesca, y la protección contrarrestó medianamente los años perdidos por la pesca. La protección de arrecifes altamente favorables aumentó el tiempo que pasaron en arrecifes protegidos y se alcanzó el máximo de protección con un menor número de arrecifes protegidos. Asímismo la longevidad promedio fue más alta cuando se protegieron los arrecifes más favorables.
Síntesis y aplicaciones. Nuestros métodos y modelo pueden ser aplicados en estudios de telemetría acústica pasiva. Las redes de áreas naturales protegidas benefician más a especies e individuos con altos grados de afiliación a los sitios protegidos. Para mejorar los beneficios de las redes de áreas marinas protegidas para todas las especies (con altos y bajos grados de afiliación), necesitamos entender mejor el uso de las áreas adyacentes a los arrecifes, las rutas de dispersión y caracterizar la favorabilidad para múltiples especies.
Our framework can be applied to many studies using passive‐acoustic telemetry to track animal movements. Protected area networks benefit species highly attached to protected sites. To increase benefits of marine protected area networks for all species (with low and high degrees of reef attachment) we need to understand the use of reef‐adjacent areas, dispersal routes and characterize reef suitability for multiple species.
The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the interaction between ciprofloxacin and amoxicillin against beta‐lactamase‐producing Staphylococcus aureus. Concentration‐dependent curves for each ...individual drug were carried out to obtain the mean inhibitory concentration in the agar well diffusion assay. Then, different ratios of the ciprofloxacin–amoxicillin combination (0.5:0.5, 0.8:0.2, 0.2:0.8, 0.9:0.1, 0.1:0.9, 0.95:0.05, and 0.05:0.95) were assessed. Data were analyzed using the isobolographic analysis and interaction index. The isobolographic evaluation shows that the 0.9:0.1 and 0.95:0.05 ratios of the ciprofloxacin–amoxicillin combination produced a synergistic antimicrobial interaction, the 0.8:0.2, 0.2:0.8, 0.1:0.9, and 0.05:0.95 proportions showed an additive antibacterial effect, and the 0.5:0.5 proportion induced antagonistic antimicrobial effects. The interaction index showed similar outcomes to the isobolographic analysis. In conclusion, the data of this study mainly show antimicrobial additive results of the ciprofloxacin–amoxicillin combination against beta‐lactamase‐producing S. aureus.
Myristic acid reduces skin inflammation and nociception Alonso‐Castro, Angel Josabad; Serrano‐Vega, Roberto; Pérez Gutiérrez, Salud ...
Journal of food biochemistry,
January 2022, 2022-01-00, 20220101, Volume:
46, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
This study evaluated the inhibitory effect of myristic acid (MA) on models of inflammation and nociception. The in vitro anti‐inflammatory activities of MA were assessed on LPS‐stimulated ...macrophages, membrane stabilization assay, and inhibition of protein denaturation, whereas the inhibitory activity of MA on in vivo inflammation was assessed on TPA‐induced ear edema using acute and chronic assays in mice. The inhibitory effect of MA on nociception was assessed using three in vivo models. MA exerted in vitro anti‐inflammatory activity by the increase (58%) in the production of IL‐10 in LPS‐stimulated macrophages. In the in vivo assay, MA showed good anti‐inflammatory effects on the acute (ED50 = 62 mg/kg) and chronic (ED50 = 77 mg/kg) TPA‐induced ear edema. The antinociceptive activity of MA was related to the participation of the nitrergic system in the formalin‐induced paw licking test.
Practical applications
Previous studies with different plant extracts containing MA, as one of their major components, have demonstrated anti‐inflammatory and antinociceptive actions. However, the anti‐inflammatory and antinociceptive actions of myristic acid have not been previously reported. The results suggest that MA induced anti‐inflammatory effects in LPS‐stimulated macrophages through the participation of IL‐10. The antinociceptive effects of MA are attributed to the participation of the nitrergic system.
Abstract No-take marine protected areas (MPAs) can mitigate the effects of overfishing, climate change and habitat degradation, which are leading causes of an unprecedented global biodiversity ...crisis. However, assessing the effectiveness of MPAs, especially in remote oceanic islands, can be logistically challenging and often restricted to relatively shallow and accessible environments. Here, we used a long-term dataset (2010–2019) collected by the DeepSee submersible of the Undersea Hunter Group that operates in Isla del Coco National Park, Costa Rica, to (1) determine the frequency of occurrence of elasmobranch species at two depth intervals (50–100 m; 300–400 m), and (2) investigate temporal trends in the occurrence of common elasmobranch species between 2010 and 2019, as well as potential drivers of the observed changes. Overall, we observed 17 elasmobranch species, 15 of which were recorded on shallow dives (50–100 m) and 11 on deep dives (300–400 m). We found a decreasing trend in the probability of occurrence of Carcharhinus falciformis over time (2010–2019), while other species (e.g. Taeniurops meyeni , Sphyrna lewini , Carcharhinus galapagensis , Triaenodon obesus , and Galeocerdo cuvier ) showed an increasing trend. Our study suggests that some species like S. lewini may be shifting their distributions towards deeper waters in response to ocean warming but may also be sensitive to low oxygen levels at greater depths. These findings highlight the need for regional 3D environmental information and long-term deepwater surveys to understand the extent of shark and ray population declines in the ETP and other regions, as most fishery-independent surveys from data-poor countries have been limited to relatively shallow waters.
Understanding the efficacy of marine protected areas (MPAs) for wide-ranging predators is essential to designing effective management and conservation approaches. The use of acoustic monitoring and ...network analysis can improve our understanding of the spatial ecology and functional connectivity of reef-associated species, providing a useful approach for reef-based conservation planning. This study compared and contrasted the movement and connectivity of sharks with different degrees of reef association. We examined the residency, dispersal, degree of reef connectivity, and MPA use of grey reef (
Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos
), silvertip (
C. albimarginatus
), and bull (
C. leucas
) sharks monitored in the central Great Barrier Reef (GBR). An array of 56 acoustic receivers was used to monitor shark movements on 17 semi-isolated reefs.
Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos
and
C. albimarginatus
were detected most days at or near their tagging reef. However, while
C. amblyrhynchos
spent 80% of monitoring days in the array,
C. albimarginatus
was only detected 50% of the time. Despite both species moving similar distances (<50 km), a large portion of the population of
C. albimarginatus
(71%) was detected on multiple reefs and moved more frequently between reefs and management zones than
C. amblyrhynchos
.
Carcharhinus leucas
was detected less than 20% of the time within the tagging array, and 42% of the population undertook long-range migrations to other arrays in the GBR. Networks derived for
C. leucas
were larger and more complex than those for
C. amblyrhynchos
and
C. albimarginatus
. Our findings suggest that protecting specific reefs based on prior knowledge (e.g., healthier reefs with high fish biomass) and increasing the level of protection to include nearby, closely spaced reef habitats (<20 km) may perform better for species like
C. albimarginatus
than having either a single or a network of isolated MPAs. This design would also provide protection for larger male
C. amblyrhynchos
, which tend to disperse more and use larger areas than females. For wide-ranging sharks like
C. leucas
, a combination of spatial planning and other alternative measures is critical. Our findings demonstrate that acoustic monitoring can serve as a useful platform for designing more effective MPA networks for reef predators displaying a range of movement patterns.
Understanding animal movement decisions that involve migration is critical for evaluating population connectivity, and thus persistence. Recent work on sharks has shown that often only a portion of ...the adult population will undertake migrations, while the rest may be resident in an area for long periods. Defining the extent to which adult sharks use specific habitats and their migratory behaviour is essential for assessing their risk of exposure to threats such as fishing and habitat degradation. The present study used acoustic telemetry to examine residency patterns and migratory behaviour of adult bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) along the East coast of Australia. Fifty-six VR2W acoustic receivers were used to monitor the movements of 33 bull sharks in the central Great Barrier Reef (GBR). Both males and females were detected year-round, but their abundance and residency peaked between September and December across years (2012-2014). High individual variability in reef use patterns was apparent, with some individuals leaving the array for long periods, whereas others (36%) exhibited medium (0.20-0.40) or high residency (> 0.50). A large portion of the population (51%) undertook migrations of up to 1,400 km to other coral reefs and/or inshore coastal habitats in Queensland and New South Wales. Most of these individuals (76%) were mature females, and the timing of migrations coincided with the austral summer (Dec-Feb). All migrating individuals (except one) returned to the central GBR, highlighting its importance as a potential foraging ground. Our findings suggest that adult bull sharks appear to be highly dependent on coral reef resources and provide evidence of partial migration, where only a portion of the female population undertook seasonal migrations potentially to give birth. Given that estuarine habitats face constant anthropogenic pressures, understanding partial migration and habitat connectivity of large coastal predators should be a priority for their management.
The evolution and improvement of novel applications on acoustic telemetry technology are driven mainly by the need to address more complex behavioral, ecological and physiological questions. A new ...Vemco VR2W Positioning System (VPS) is described and tested here using an array of 16 VR2W acoustic monitoring receivers and 8 fixed synchronizing transmitters. VPS positioning algorithm is based on the 3-receiver time-difference-of-arrival (TDOA) algorithm used by the existing Vemco VRAP system, extended to work with an array of three or more receivers that do not have synchronized clocks. The positional accuracy and performance of the VPS was estimated on a stationary and a slow-moving coded transmitter, and on two free-swimming elasmobranch species. Mean positional accuracy (±SD) of VPS estimates from a stationary transmitter deployed at several locations within the receiver array was 2.64
±
2.32
m. Positional error was significantly lower inside (2.13
±
1.31
m) than outside the array (5.12
±
4.11
m;
p
<
0001). There were no significant differences in positional accuracy between stationary and moving tests (4.09
±
2.53
m;
p
=
0.067). Furthermore, home range estimates and movement parameters of two elasmobranch species tracked simultaneously with VPS and active tracking were statistically similar (
p
>
0.05). Our results suggest that the positional accuracy of the VPS is comparable to active tracking; however, researchers must consider specific environmental and biological variables when using the VPS. Additionally, the number, layout and proximity of acoustic receivers and synchronizing transmitters can improve considerably the performance of the VPS. The VPS provides a more efficient, less expensive approach to study and quantify fine-scale, long-term movements and habitat use of multiple individuals simultaneously, with the potential for improving our understanding on ecological and behavioral population level processes in aquatic environments.
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