PurposeThis study aims to assess the influence of partial and simultaneous substitution of fat and sodium by hydrolyzed collagen and mix of herbs (MH) in chicken hamburgers, on the physical ...properties and proximal composition.Design/methodology/approachFive formulations were developed: (1) HCON–without adding collagen and MH; (2) C25M25–adding 25% of collagen and 25% of MH; (3) C25M50–adding 25% of collagen and 50% of MH; (4) C50M25–adding 50% of collagen and 25% of MH and (5) C50M50–adding 50% of collagen and 50% of MH. Chicken hamburgers were analyzed by proximal composition, sodium content, collagen and color analysis. The influence of treatments on texture profile, cooking performance and lipid oxidation of chicken hamburger was also investigated.FindingsThere was reduction in lipid and sodium for modified formulations compared with the HCON. There was great influence for some parameters, such as luminosity, cooking performance and texture profile. The formulation C50M50 showed the best cooking performance when compared to the others.Originality/valueThe formulation adding 50% of collagen and 50% of MH showed the highest yield and water retention (WR), with the least reduction in diameter and shrinkage, as well as presenting the best indexes of the texture profile and the lowest oxidation index, being recommended as the best combination of fat and sodium replacement.
The irregular use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and late diagnosis still account for a large part of HIV-associated mortality in people living with HIV (PLHIV). Herein, we describe HIV-associated ...morbidity among hospitalised HIV/AIDS patients with advanced immunosuppression and assess the comorbidities, laboratory parameters, and immunological markers associated with mortality. The cross-sectional study was conducted at the Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD) in Manaus, Brazil. In all, 83 participants aged between 12 and 70 years were enrolled by convenience within 72 h of their hospitalisation. Clinical and laboratory data were obtained from electronic medical records. We prospectively measured the cytokines Th1/Th2/Th17 and inflammatory cytokines IL-8, IL-1beta, and IL-12 using cytometric bead array, and the soluble CD14 using in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The HIV/AIDS inpatients presented a scenario of respiratory syndromes as the most prevalent comorbidity. Almost all patients had CD4 T counts below 350 cells/mL and the mortality rate was 20.5%. Pulmonary tuberculosis, neurotoxoplasmosis and oropharyngeal-esophageal candidiasis were the most prevalent opportunistic infections. TB and weight loss were more prevalent in HIV/AIDS inpatients who died. The Mann Whitney analysis showed that those who died had higher platelet distribution width (PDW) on admission, which is suggestive for platelet activation. The Poisson multivariate analysis showed the prevalence of TB, digestive syndrome and increases in IL-8 and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) associated to death. The advanced immunosuppression characterized by the opportunistic infections presented in these HIV/AIDS inpatients was the major factor of mortality. The role of platelet activation in worse outcomes of hospitalisation and the IL-8 associated with the context of advanced immunosuppression may be promising markers in the prediction of mortality in HIV/AIDS patients.
Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the production, fat and fatty acids of milk as well as the diameter, classification and quantity of the milk fat globules (MFG) of goats consuming ...a diet with 15% of crude glycerin. Twelve multiparous Saanen goats weighing 40 ± 6 kg and 90 ± 5 days of lactation were used. The experimental design was completely randomized with two treatments (0 and 15% inclusion of glycerin). In this way, each milk sample is classified according to the percentage of milk fat globules that were included in these three size categories. For the variables milk production, fat, diameter, medium and large fat globules and amount of globules showed a significant effect of the inclusion of glycerin in the diet (p < 0.05). Fifteen fatty acids were found, mostly saturated. For caprylic, palmitic, and linoleic fatty acids, there was no significant influence of the inclusion of glycerin (p > 0.05). Can recommend the use of 15% double-distilled glycerin in the feeding of lactating goats increased milk production, the amount of fat, increased the size of the milk fat globule. Regarding the saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, they kept the level of 15% of glycerin.
Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of replacing corn by double-distilled glycerin, a co-product of the biodiesel industry, on goat curd cheese in terms of ...physical-chemical, microbiological and sensory aspects. Twelve multiparas Saanen goats weighing 47.07 ± 2.41 kg and at 90 ± 5 days of lactation. The experimental design was completely randomized with two treatments (0 and 15% inclusion of glycerin). The physicochemical parameters analyzed were: fat (%), non-fat solids (%), protein (%), lactose (%), salts (%), relative density at 15/15 °C (gmL-1), index cryoscopic (°C), electrical conductivity (mScm-1), pH and acidity. The milk from each treatment was used to make the rennet cheese. The fat had a significant effect (P < 0.05) with inclusion of glycerin in the diet. The physicochemical characteristics of the cheese were influenced (P < 0.05) by feeding up to 15% of glycerin. Regarding sensory attributes, only firmness was influenced (P < 0.05) by the inclusion of glycerin in the diet of dairy goats. Bidistilled glycerin, when inserted in the diet of dairy goats at a level of 15%, causes a reduction in the lipid content of milk and cheese, consequently affecting the cheese yield, and the parameter of firmness in the sensory of the evaluated cheeses.
The objective of this research was to determine the ingestive behavior, volatile fatty acids, and blood biochemical and hormonal variables of goats consuming a diet with 15% glycerin. Feed efficiency ...(FE) and rumination (ER) of dry matter intake (DMI) and neutral detergent fiber (NDFI) of dairy goats supplemented with glycerin (0 and 15%) were not influenced by treatments (p > 0.05). The specific activities of defecation, urination and drinking had a significant effect (p < 0.05) in relation to the treatments with glycerin in the diet of dairy goats. The occasional activities (defecation, urinating and drinking water) decreased with the addition of 15% of glycerin in the goats’ diet. Lactic acid had a significant effect (p < 0.001) with the addition of 15% glycerin. Diets for dairy goats with 15% glycerin did not change the consumption of dry material, neutral detergent fiber, nor did they change the ingestive behavior of these animals. The levels of globulin, protein, albumin/globulin, glucose, cholesterol, urea, triglycerides, cortisol, and T4 variables were significantly influenced (p < 0.05) by the addition of glycerin in the diet.
Palicourea aeneofusca contains sodium monofluoroacetate, which causes sudden death in ruminants when administered at doses of approximately 0.6g kg-1 of body weight (g kg-1). In this experiment two ...groups of 6 goats were used to determine the possibility to induce conditioned food aversion to P. aeneofusca. In group 1, 0.35g kg-1 of green leaves of the plant were given to six goats on days 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 60, and 90 of the experiment. On the first day, all of the goats ingested the full amount of the plant and were treated immediately with 175mg kg-1 of lithium chloride (LiCl) through a ruminal tube. On day 5, only two goats ingested the plant, and they were treated with the same dose of LiCl. On days 10, 20, 30, 60, and 90, none of the goats ingested the plant. For another group of 6 goats, the leaves were given on days 1, 10, 20, 30, 60, and 90. All of the goats ingested the leaves on day 1 and received 1mL kg-1 body weight of water through a ruminal tube. All of these goats ingested the plant on days 10, 20, 30, 60, and 90. These results demonstrate that it is possible to induce conditioned food aversion to P. aeneofusca that persists for at least 90 days. Further experiments should be performed to determine the duration of the aversion and to induce aversion to other Palicourea species, particularly P. marcgravii, which is the most important toxic plant in Brazil.
Palicourea aeneofusca, que contém monofluoroacetato de sódio, causa morte súbita em ruminantes quando é administrada a doses de aproximadamente 0,6g kg-1 de peso vivo (g kg-1). Neste experimento, foram utilizados dois grupos de 6 caprinos para determinar a possibilidade de induzir aversão alimentar condicionada à ingestão de P. eneofusca. Para induzir aversão alimentar condicionada no grupo 1, 0.35g kg-1 de folhas verdes da planta foram administradas a seis caprinos nos dias 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 60, e 90 do experimento. No primeiro dia, todos os caprinos ingeriram toda a planta oferecida e foram tratados imediatamente com 175mg kg-1 de carbonato de lítio (LiCl) através de sonda ruminal. No dia 5, somente dois caprinos ingeriram a planta e foram tratados com a mesma dose de LiCl. Nos dias 10, 20, 30, 60, e 90 nenhum caprino ingeriu a planta. Seis caprinos do grupo controle receberam 0.35g kg-1 de folhas nos dias 1, 10, 20, 30, 60, e 90. Todos os caprinos ingeriram as folhas no dia 1 e foram tratados com 1ml kg-1 pv de água mediante sonda ruminal. Todos os caprinos deste grupo tornaram a ingerir a planta nos dias 10, 20, 30, 60 e 90. Esses resultados demonstram que é possível induzir aversão alimentar condicionada à P. aeneofusca, que persiste por pelo menos 90 dias. Próximos experimentos deverão ser realizados para determinar a duração da aversão e para induzir aversão contra outras espécies de Palicourea, particularmente P. marcgravii, que é a planta tóxica mais importante do Brasil.
Palicourea aeneofusca contains sodium monofluoroacetate, which causes sudden death in ruminants when administered at doses of approximately 0.6g kg.sup.-1 of body weight (g kg.sup.-1). In this ...experiment two groups of 6 goats were used to determine the possibility to induce conditioned food aversion to P. aeneofusca. In group 1, 0.35g kg.sup.-1 of green leaves of the plant were given to six goats on days 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 60, and 90 of the experiment. On the first day all of the goats ingested the full amount of the plant and were treated immediately with 175mg kg.sup.-1 of lithium chloride (LiCl) through a ruminal tube. On day 5, only two goats ingested the plant, and they were treated with the same dose of LiCl. On days 10, 20, 30, 60, and 90, none of the goats ingested the plant. For another group of 6 goats, the leaves were given on days 1, 10, 20, 30, 60, and 90. All of the goats ingested the leaves on day 1 and received 1mL kg.sup.-1 body weight of water through a ruminal tube. All of these goats ingested the plant on days 10, 20, 30, 60, and 90. These results demonstrate that it is possible to induce conditioned food aversion to P. aeneofusca that persists for at least 90 days. Further experiments should be performed to determine the duration of the aversion and to induce aversion to other Palicourea species, particularly P. marcgravii, which is the most important toxic plant in Brazil Key words: poisonous plants, Palicourea spp., sodium monofluoroacetate, conditioned food aversion. Palicourea aeneofusca, que contem monofluoroacetato de sodio, causa morte subita em ruminantes quando e administrada a doses de aproximadamente 0,6g kg.sup.-1 de peso vivo (g kg.sup.-1). Neste experimento,foram utilizados dois grupos de 6 caprinos para determinar a possibilidade de induzir aversao alimentar condicionada a ingestao de P. eneofusca. Para induzir aversao alimentar condicionada no grupo 1, 0.35g kg.sup.-1 de folhas verdes da planta foram administradas a seis caprinos nos dias 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 60, e 90 do experimento. No primeiro dia, todos os caprinos ingeriram toda a planta of erecida e foram tratados imediatamente com 175mg kg.sup.-1 de carbonato de litio (LiCl) atraves de sonda ruminal. No dia 5, somente dois caprinos ingeriram a planta e foram tratados com a mesma dose de LiCl. Nos dias 10, 20, 30, 60, e 90 nenhum caprino ingeriu a planta. Seis caprinos do grupo controle receberam 0.35g kg.sup.-1 de folhas nos dias 1, 10, 20, 30, 60, e 90. Todos os caprinos ingeriram as folhas no dia 1 e foram tratados com 1ml kg.sup.-1 pv de agua mediante sonda ruminal. Todos os caprinos deste grupo tornaram a ingerir a planta nos dias 10, 20, 30, 60 e 90. Esses resultados demonstram que e possivel induzir aversao alimentar condicionada a P. aeneofusca, que persiste por pelo menos 90 dias. Proximos experimentos deverao ser realizados para determinar a duracao da aversao e para induzir aversao contra outras especies de Palicourea, particularmente P. marcgravii, que e a planta toxica mais importante do Brasil. Palavras-chave: plantas toxicas, Palicourea spp., monofluoroacetato de sodio, aversao alimentar condicionada.
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