Abstract
The rheological and tribological properties of environmentally compatible lubricants of different bases (native oil, synthetic ester, polyalkylene glycol‐containing oil) compared to a ...conventional, mineral oil‐based lubricant are investigated in order to develop toxicologically harmless and technically suitable lubricants for electromechanical drives. The aging of the oil is also considered. The results of this study reveal that the properties of polyalkylene glycol‐containing and synthetic ester‐based lubricants have the potential to act as substitutes for lubricants containing mineral oil. By examining and improving the properties of sustainable lubricants, gear oils that are partially or totally non‐mineral oil based will be highly attractive in the future.
Translation abstract
Die rheologischen und tribologischen Eigenschaften von umweltverträglichen Schmierstoffen unterschiedlicher Basis (natives Öl, synthetischer Ester, polyalkylenglykolhaltiges Öl) im Vergleich zu einem konventionellen, mineralölbasierten Schmierstoff werden untersucht, um einen toxikologisch unbedenklichen und technisch geeigneten Schmierstoff für elektromechanische Antriebe zu entwickeln. Hierbei wird die Alterung des Öls mitbetrachtet. Die Untersuchungen zeigen, dass die Eigenschaften von polyalkylenglykolhaltigen und auf synthetischen Estern basierenden Schmierstoffen das Potenzial haben, mineralölhaltige Schmierstoffe zu substituieren. Durch die Untersuchung und Verbesserung der Eigenschaften nachhaltiger Schmierstoffe werden Getriebeöle, die teilweise oder vollständig nicht auf Mineralöl basieren, in Zukunft sehr attraktiv sein.
Purpose
Hydatid cyst (HC) is a serious health problem in developing countries. The aim is to discuss the clinical information, surgical and puncture–aspiration–injection–re-aspiration (PAIR) ...treatments, and results of patients with HC in a developing country.
Methods
Patients were analyzed in terms of gender, age, presenting complaint, misdiagnosed HC, cyst location, cyst number, cyst size, liver HC type according to the World Health Organization Informal Working Group Echinococcosis (WHO-IWGE) classification, pulmonary HC, hemithorax locations, treatments and interventions, duration of hospitalization, follow-up period, postoperative complications, and recurrence.
Results
There were 106 girls and 99 boys with a mean age of 10.7 years. The most common location was the liver (
n
= 170), and the second most common was the lungs (
n
= 67). The mean diameter for liver HC was 86.27 mm, and it was 73.90 mm for pulmonary HC. PAIR was performed on 61 patients with liver HC using interventional radiology. 109 patients underwent surgery. The most common complications were cystobiliary fistula in liver HC and atelectasis in pulmonary HC.
Conclusion
HC should be one of the first considerations in the differential diagnosis in all anatomical areas in the presence of suspicious radiological and clinical findings in endemic regions.
On March 8th, 2010 Karakocan-Elazig earthquake of magnitude 6.0 occurred at a region where masonry and adobe construction is very common. Karakocan-Elazig is located in a high seismicity region on ...Eastern Anatolian Fault System (EAFS). Due to the earthquake, 42 people were killed and 14'113 buildings were damaged. Another city, Van located at South east of Turkey is hit by earthquakes with M = 7.2 occurred on October 23rd, 2011 at 13:41 (local time), whose epicenter was about 16 km north of Van (Tabanli village) and M = 5.6 on November 9th, 2011 with an epicenter near the town of Edremit, south of Van and caused the loss of life and heavy damages. Both earthquakes killed 644 people and 2608 people were injured. Approximately 10'000 buildings were seriously damaged. There are many traditional types of structures existing in the region hit by earthquakes (both Van and Elazig). These buildings were built as adobe, unreinforced masonry or mixed type. These types of buildings are very common in rural areas (especially south and east) of Turkey because of easy workmanship and cheap construction cost. Many of those traditional type structures experienced serious damages. The use of masonry is very common in some of the world's most hazard-prone regions, such as in Latin America, Africa, the Indian subcontinent and other parts of Asia, the Middle East, and southern Europe. Based on damage and failure mechanism of those buildings, the parameters affecting the seismic performance of those traditional buildings are analyzed in this paper. The foundation type, soil conditions, production method of the masonry blocks, construction method, the geometry of the masonry walls, workmanship quality, existence of wooden beams, type of roof, mortar between adobe blocks are studied in order to understand the reason of damage for these types of buildings.
In this study, the variations of optimal damper placement using different objective functions are presented. Instead of the usual choice of transfer function amplitude of the top displacement of the ...structure, the transfer function amplitude of the base shear force evaluated at the undamped fundamental natural frequency of the structure is chosen as an objective function. In the optimization procedure, the damping coefficients of the added dampers are treated as design variables. An active constraint on the sum of the damping coefficients of added dampers and the upper and lower bounds for each damper are taken into consideration. The new objective function based on transfer function amplitude of the base shear force is compared with the transfer function amplitudes of top displacement. The response of the structure is investigated for both of the objective functions in terms of the transfer function. The time history analysis is performed using the Kobe earthquake ground motion records to demonstrate the validity of the proposed design method. The results of the numerical procedure show that the proposed procedure based on the transfer function of the base shear force can also be beneficial in the rehabilitation of seismic response of the structures.
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