Plant steroid hormones brassinosteroids (BRs) regulate plant growth and development at many different levels. Recent research has revealed that stress‐responsive NAC (petunia NAM and Arabidopsis ...ATAF1, ATAF2, and CUC2) transcription factor RD26 is regulated by BR signaling and antagonizes BES1 in the interaction between growth and drought stress signaling. However, the upstream signaling transduction components that activate RD26 during drought are still unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the function of RD26 is modulated by GSK3‐like kinase BIN2 and protein phosphatase 2C ABI1. We show that ABI1, a negative regulator in abscisic acid (ABA) signaling, dephosphorylates and destabilizes BIN2 to inhibit BIN2 kinase activity. RD26 protein is stabilized by ABA and dehydration in a BIN2‐dependent manner. BIN2 directly interacts and phosphorylates RD26 in vitro and in vivo. BIN2 phosphorylation of RD26 is required for RD26 transcriptional activation on drought‐responsive genes. RD26 overexpression suppressed the brassinazole (BRZ) insensitivity of BIN2 triple mutant bin2 bil1 bil2, and BIN2 function is required for the drought tolerance of RD26 overexpression plants. Taken together, our data suggest a drought signaling mechanism in which drought stress relieves ABI1 inhibition of BIN2, allowing BIN2 activation. Sequentially, BIN2 phosphorylates and stabilizes RD26 to promote drought stress response.
Significance Statement
RD26 is a key regulator of dehydration and drought tolerance in plants, however the post‐transcriptional regulation of RD26 is largely unknown. In this study, we found that BIN2, a GSK3‐like kinase, integrates upstream signaling of growth and drought stress to modulate RD26 through phosphorylation. Our findings provide a potential target to manipulate drought tolerance by engineering RD26 phosphorylation sites in crops and other commercially significant plants.
In this research, we present a spatio-temporal analytical framework including spatio-temporal visualization (STV), space-time kernel density estimation (STKDE), and ...spatio-temporal-autocorrelation-analysis (STAA), to explore human mobility patterns and intra-urban communication dynamics. Experiments were conducted using large-scale detailed records of mobile phone calls in a city. The space-time path, time series graphs, vertical Bézier curves, STKDE, STAA, and related techniques in 3D GIS as well as statistical tests have been suggested for different spatio-temporal analysis tasks. We also investigated several statistical measures that extend the classic spatial association indices for spatio-temporal autocorrelation analysis. The spatial order of weighted matrix was found to have more significant effects than the temporal neighbors on influencing the autocorrelation strength of hourly phone calls.
Display omitted
•Three types of supercapacitor’s electrode materials are introduced.•Hybrid supercapacitors are constructed with capacitive and battery-like electrode.•Recent progress of MOF-based ...materials for hybrid supercapacitors were summarized.•Challenges and future directions of MOF-based materials for HSCs are provided.
Constructed with both capacitive and battery-like electrodes, hybrid supercapacitor devices have been adopted as promising energy storage devices for their favorable power and energy densities. Design and fabrication of capacitive and battery-like electrode materials endowed with high specific capacitances/capacities, high rate performance and desirable durability are crucial to improve the overall energy storage performances of hybrid supercapacitors. As emerging porous crystalline materials, metal-organic frameworks with favorable porous properties, tunable chemical compositions and adjustable structures/morphologies can lead to desirable energy storage performances of hybrid supercapacitors. In this review, started from the classification of supercapacitors and electrode materials, the recent advances of pristine metal-organic frameworks, metal-organic framework composites and metal-organic frameworks derived materials applied for hybrid supercapacitor were elaborated. Furthermore, based on previous contributions, challenges and perspectives of metal-organic framework-based materials for hybrid supercapacitor application were summarized.
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), featuring porous crystalline structures with coordinated metal nodes and organic linkers, have recently found increasing interest in diverse applications. By virtue ...of their versatile and highly tunable compositions and structures, constructing hollow architectures will further endow MOFs with enhanced properties and designability, exceeding the molecular scale. MOFs could be considered as promising building units to fabricate complex hollow nanocomposites with faster mass transport, multiple active components, more exposed active sites, and better compatibility than bulk MOFs. To construct a promising blueprint for hollow pristine MOFs, this review provides a comprehensive overview for structural design strategies and applications of hollow pristine MOFs. We will highlight the merits, challenges and future potential by structuring and applying MOFs in sensing, separation, storage, catalysis, environmental remediation, photochemical and electrochemical energy conversion. This review might pave a new avenue for future development of novel pristine hollow MOFs.
Hollow MOFs show outstanding properties in catalysis, separation, storage, sensing and energy applications resulting from their tunable composition/structure versatility and designability, exceeding the molecular scale. In this review, synthetic strategies for engineering hollow MOFs and their applications are systematically summarized.
Data about points of interest (POI) have been widely used in studying urban land use types and for sensing human behavior. However, it is difficult to quantify the correct mix or the spatial ...relations among different POI types indicative of specific urban functions. In this research, we develop a statistical framework to help discover semantically meaningful topics and functional regions based on the co‐occurrence patterns of POI types. The framework applies the latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) topic modeling technique and incorporates user check‐in activities on location‐based social networks. Using a large corpus of about 100,000 Foursquare venues and user check‐in behavior in the 10 most populated urban areas of the US, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed methodology by identifying distinctive types of latent topics and, further, by extracting urban functional regions using K‐means clustering and Delaunay triangulation spatial constraints clustering. We show that a region can support multiple functions but with different probabilities, while the same type of functional region can span multiple geographically non‐adjacent locations. Since each region can be modeled as a vector consisting of multinomial topic distributions, similar regions with regard to their thematic topic signatures can be identified. Compared with remote sensing images which mainly uncover the physical landscape of urban environments, our popularity‐based POI topic modeling approach can be seen as a complementary social sensing view on urban space based on human activities.
Pathway optimization plays an important role in fine-tuning metabolic pathways. In most conditions, more than three genes are involved in the biosynthesis pathway of a specific target product. To ...improve the titer of products, rational regulation of a group of genes by a series of promoters with different strengths is essential. On the basis of a series of RNA-Seq data, a set of 66 native promoters was chosen to fine-tune gene expression in
. Promoter strength was characterized by measuring the fluorescence strength of the enhanced green fluorescent protein through fluorescence-activated cell sorting. The expressions of P
, P
, P
, P
, and P
were stronger than that of P
, whereas those of another 15 promoters were stronger than that of P
. Then, 30 promoters were chosen to optimize the biosynthesis pathway of (2
)-naringenin from
-coumaric acid. With a high-throughput screening method, the highest titer of (2
)-naringenin in a 5 L bioreactor reached 1.21 g/L from
-coumaric acid, which is the highest titer according to the currently available reports.
This paper establishes a general framework to study the impacts of real-time information on the users' routing decisions and the system cost in a stochastic time-dependent traffic network under a ...generalized equilibrium condition. Users are assumed to make strategic routing decisions, and the rule that maps a user's current state, including node, time, and information, to a decision on the next node to take, is defined as a routing policy. This definition allows for a wide variety of information accessibility situations, thus excluding the usually simplified assumptions, such as either no information or full information. A user's choice set contains routing policies rather than simple paths. A fixed-point problem formulation of the user equilibrium is given, and a method of successive average heuristic is designed. Computational tests are carried out in a hypothetical network, where random incidents are the source of stochasticity. System costs derived from three models with different information accessibility situations are compared. The strategic route choices lead to shorter expected travel times at equilibrium. Smaller travel time variances are obtained as a byproduct. The value of real-time information is an increasing function of the incident probability. However, it is not a monotonic function of the market penetration of information, which suggests that in designing a traveler information system or route guidance system, the information penetration needs to be chosen carefully to maximize benefits.
In order to improve the humanization and convenience of online art design, this paper applies digital simulation technology to the art online design system and establishes a set of sequential ...multi-free-form surface design methods. Based on the obtained front free-form surfaces, this paper establishes the relationship between the discrete points on the subsequent free-form surfaces and their spatial solid angles and, through extremely complex theoretical deduction, finally obtains the subsequent free-form surfaces. In addition, by combining the two free-form surfaces to enter the 3D modeling software, we can obtain an optical lens with multiple free-form surfaces to improve the digital simulation effect. Finally, this paper uses the intelligent system constructed in this paper to conduct multiple sets of simulation experiments to evaluate the digital effect and artistic design effect of the system constructed in this paper. From the experimental research, it can be known that the art online design system based on digital simulation technology constructed in this paper basically meets the expected goals of the system constructed in this paper.
The distribution characteristics of single sand body are mainly used to identify the underground single sand body with geological techniques. With the help of core data and well logging data, the ...sedimentary microfacies of single sand body are studied in detail, so as to study the distribution characteristics of single sand body in plane and vertical. This paper mainly studies the distribution characteristics of single sand body of tight reservoir in a well area in detail, and actively discusses its development potential, aiming at obtaining more scientific and reasonable sedimentary research results, so as to provide effective reference for the subsequent production of the oilfield.
The tactile sensor lies at the heart of electronic skin and is of great importance in the development of flexible electronic devices. To date, it still remains a critical challenge to develop a ...large‐scale capacitive tactile sensor with high sensitivity and controllable morphology in an economical way. Inspired by the interlocked microridges between the epidermis and dermis, herein, a highly sensitive capacitive tactile sensor by creating interlocked asymmetric‐nanocones in poly(vinylidenefluoride‐co‐trifluoroethylene) film is proposed. Particularly, a facile method based on cone‐shaped nanoporous anodized aluminum oxide templates is proposed to cost‐effectively fabricate the highly ordered nanocones in a controllable manner and on a large scale. Finite‐element analysis reveals that under vertical forces, the strain/stress can be highly strengthened and localized at the contact apexes, resulting in an amplified variation of film permittivity and thickness. Benefiting from this, the developed tactile sensor presents several conspicuous features, including the maximum sensitivity (6.583 kPa−1) in the low pressure region (0–100 Pa), ultralow detection limit (≈3 Pa), rapid response/recovery time (48/36 ms), excellent stability and reproducibility (10 000 cycles). These salient merits enable the sensor to be successfully applied in a variety of applications including sign language gesture detection, spatial pressure mapping, Braille recognition, and physiological signal monitoring.
A highly morphology‐controllable and highly sensitive capacitive tactile sensor, exhibiting several salient features in terms of the sensitivity, detection limit, response/recovery time, stability and reproducibility, is proposed by capitalizing on an epidermis‐dermis‐inspired interlocked asymmetric‐nanocone array that is developed by a facile method combining the simple melt infiltration process of poly(vinylidenefluoride‐co‐trifluoroethylene) and the commercial cone‐shaped nanoporous anodized aluminum oxide transfer method.
PDF
